Systematic Review Flow (PRISMA 2020)
Transparent flow of article identification, LLM screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and inclusion into living synthesis with expert validation.
✓ PRISMA funnel conservation verified (100% stage closure)
Zero data leakage: n_in = n_out + ∑n_excl + n_pending verified across identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis.
ID: 17315 →
Screen: 16299 →
Eligible: 2428 →
Included: 84
Expert Validation & Taste Loop
Independent of the formal PRISMA selection rules: editorial verdicts by the curator to calibrate quality and active learning.
👍 10
Approved in digest
(14 total in corpus)
👎 29
Rejected with reason
(1 pre / 18 post analysis)
Breakdown of expert rejection reasons:
not_novel: 4
not_for_educators: 3
off_topic: 13
too_narrow: 2
duplicate: 5
other: 1
weak_method: 1
📋 Structured Review Summary (PRISMA 2020: Item 2)
Background: Living systematic review of Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous agents in higher education. Focuses on engineering countermeasures to academic dishonesty and redesign of assessment.
Objectives: Systematic identification, screening, and synthesis of empirical evidence regarding reliability, methodological rigor, and consensus challenges in higher education GenAI integration.
Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly works with open-access full text; topic relevance R ≥ 4.0; weighted final score ≥ 5.0.
Information Sources: Multi-register tracking: arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, plus forward/backward citation loops (depth 1–2).
Risk of Bias & Quality: Multi-criteria methodological rigor (M, 0–10). Screening reliability validated via dual evaluation: Gwet's AC1, stratified recall, and ROC AUC.
Synthesis & Included: Included n = 84 verified works into the living review with extracted claims, limitations, and empirical findings.
🎯 PICO / PECO Search & Eligibility Framework (PRISMA 2020: Items 4–5)
| Component | Protocol Definition | Inclusion / Exclusion Boundaries |
|---|---|---|
| P (Population) | Higher education: universities, colleges, undergraduate/graduate students, instructors, and examiners. | Included: higher/tertiary education. Excluded: purely K-12 primary education without transferability. |
| I / E (Intervention / Exposure) | Use of modern LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama) and agentic frameworks for exam solving, tutoring, or automated grading. | Included: empirical testing and deployment of LLMs. Excluded: legacy non-generative ML or symbolic AI. |
| C (Comparator) | Traditional non-AI assessments, human baselines, or comparative evaluation of engineering defenses (guardrails, multi-agent validation). | Included: baselines, cohort comparisons, or countermeasures. Excluded: purely speculative essays without comparator. |
| O (Outcomes) | Task performance, exam breach rates, countermeasure resilience, shift in assessment rubrics, cognitive learning outcomes. | Included: empirical accuracy, resilience, rubric difficulty, psychometrics. Excluded: unverified claims. |
| S (Study Design) | Empirical studies: controlled experiments (RCT), quasi-experiments, case studies, psychometric evaluations, benchmark audits. | Included: peer-reviewed/preprint research with empirical data. Excluded: opinion blogs, press releases. |
* Footnote *: Prefilter Mathematical Model, Indicators & Scoring Formula (Rubric v2.3)
Rubric Indicators & Parameters
| Symbol | Indicator Name | Weight / Value |
|---|---|---|
| M | Methodological Rigor | wM = 0.32 |
| E | Engineering Countermeasures | wE = 0.25 |
| C | Consensus Challenge | wC = 0.43 |
| N | Novelty | wN = 0.00 |
| R | Topic Relevance (0–10) | Rmin = 4.0, Rfull = 7.0 |
| Gate | Binary Scope Gate | PASS / FAIL |
| Поріг | Pass Threshold | Score ≥ 5.0 |
Relevance R is a multiplier, not a summand: papers with R < R_min receive 0, and high-quality off-topic papers cannot outrank topical ones.
Scoring Formulae (MathML Core)
1. Final Prefilter Score:
2. Weighted Quality Score (Q):
3. Logical Prefilter Screening Criterion:
Methods & reporting (PRISMA 2020 items 1–15, 23–27)
Review type, objective, eligibility (1, 3–5)
Living systematic review: a daily-updated, automation-assisted selection. It is a literature-selection tool, not a published review with meta-analysis.
Topic (given to the model): Validity of educational assessment under generative AI and how to keep it (AI-resistant / AI-resilient assessment). Core: how generative AI changes what grades and test scores mean (validity arguments in the sense of Kane and Messick), assessment redesign, and quantitative methods that detect or model the distortion in assessment and learning data: item response theory, differential item functioning between humans and LLMs, item parameter drift, rater drift, item compromise and preknowledge, score shifts under unsupervised or online conditions (proctored vs unproctored exams, cheating, grade inflation), change-point and concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters, computerized adaptive testing and automated test assembly. Computational, statistical and engineering work is preferred, but a solid conceptual or empirical education study of assessment under generative AI belongs here too. Detectors of AI-generated text and watermarking are only adjacent to the topic. The audience is university educators and researchers: work about primary and secondary school (K-12) is off topic unless its findings or methods clearly transfer to higher education.
- Include: a scholarly article with topic relevance R ≥ 4.0, final score ≥ 5.0; a legal open-access full text that was actually read.
- Exclude: non-articles (datasets, code, errata), duplicates and preprints of published works, retracted works, K-12 with no transfer to higher education, works without full text (paywall, fetch errors), expert-rejected works (👎, reason recorded).
- Manual additions (origin = manual) bypass score screening but go through eligibility assessment.
Information sources & last searched (6)
| Channel | Records | Last record |
|---|---|---|
search — arXiv, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC | 15497 | 2026-11-07 10:23 |
ref — reference lists of read works | 1791 | 2026-11-07 10:25 |
manual — added manually | 27 | 2026-10-07 12:05 |
Citation candidates take metadata from OpenAlex; Crossref/Unpaywall supply DOIs, versions and open PDFs.
Search strategy (7)
Current search version: v1.0. A work matches if its title/abstract hits a term from EVERY group of at least one query (OR within a group; case-insensitive, word boundaries).
Queries (groups):
education × ai; psychometrics × ai; integrity × education; drift × education; drift × psychometrics
education: education, educational, student, learner, teacher, lecturer, classroom, university, higher education, school, curriculum, assessment, exam, examination, examinee, test taker, test score, grading, homework, coursework, online course, essay, academic integrity, academic misconduct, plagiarism, cheating, e-learning, MOOC
ai: generative AI, GenAI, large language model, LLM, ChatGPT, GPT-4, chatbot, AI-generated, AI-assisted, AI-resistant, AI-resilient, AI tool, artificial intelligence
integrity: proctoring, proctored, unproctored, non-proctored, remote proctoring, online exam, online test, online testing, exam integrity, testing integrity, academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, contract cheating, grade inflation
psychometrics: item response theory, IRT, Rasch, psychometric, educational measurement, educational testing, differential item functioning, computerized adaptive testing, adaptive testing, automated test assembly, knowledge tracing, automated scoring, automated essay scoring, validity argument, construct validity, assessment validity, predictive validity
drift: parameter drift, dynamic item response, item parameter drift, rater drift, severity drift, concept drift, change point, change-point detection, item compromise, preknowledge, item exposure, test security, aberrant response, person-fit, differential item functioning
Semantic Scholar phrases: assessment validity generative AI; AI-resilient assessment higher education; AI-resistant assessment design; generative AI exam performance natural experiment; differential item functioning large language models humans; LLM as test taker item response theory; proctored versus unproctored online exam scores; generative AI grade inflation; item parameter drift detection; item compromise preknowledge detection; concept drift knowledge tracing; change point detection educational testing
arXiv: cs.CY, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.AP, stat.ME. Result caps per query: OpenAlex 50, Semantic Scholar 25, ERIC 25. Citation searching: depth 1 from read and 👍 works, depth 2 from 👍 only; neighbours of 👍 works bypass the lexical filter.
| Search version | Records (search) | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|
v1.0 | 15497 | 2026-10-06 | 2026-11-07 |
Selection process & automation (8, 9, 11)
- Abstract screening: a single automated reviewer — an LLM (gemini-3.1-flash-lite, gemini-3.5-flash-lite), batches of 20, models alternate; every evaluation is stored (prefilter_evaluations) with model and rubric version.
- Full-text analysis and data collection: gemini-3.8-flash, gemini-3.7-flash, gemini-3.6-flash, prompt
v2.1. Only after PDF→Markdown conversion; the model is never called without full text. - Verification: code checks every quote against the text (exact match after normalisation); unconfirmed claims are discarded.
- Human: no independent second reviewer. The owner gives 👍/👎 verdicts on a sample (50% near threshold, 30% top, 20% random); they steer the queue and few-shot examples but do not change the score.
- Data items (10): summary, method/data/sample, claims, limitations, study design (assessment_design, psychometric_modeling, natural_experiment, detector_evaluation, survey, rct, quasi_experiment, qualitative, theoretical, review, other), tags, rubric criteria.
- Risk of bias (11): not assessed formally (RoB, GRADE not applied); criterion M (methodological rigor, 0–10) is a ranking score, not a RoB tool. No effect measures or meta-analysis (12, 13d–f, 15): synthesis is qualitative, via article analyses and tags.
| Screening model | Scored |
|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 8071 |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite | 7675 |
— | 619 |
| Analysis model | prompt | Analyses |
|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | v2.1 | 275 |
gemini-3.6-flash | v2.1 | 178 |
gemini-3.8-flash | v2.1 | 108 |
gemini-3.7-flash | v2.1 | 100 |
Scoring rubric v2.3 (0–10 anchors)
The model scores 0–10 per criterion; the anchors below are embedded in the prompt. Formula and weights are in the footnote above. Changing anchors or weights without a new version is blocked by a hash check.
| Criterion | Weight | 2 | 5 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic relevance (R) | × min(1, R/7.0) | No link to education or assessment: image, audio or model watermarking, model IP protection, general NLP benchmarks, AI in industry. | Adjacent: generative AI in education without an assessment focus; academic integrity with no evidence on assessment outcomes; detectors of AI-generated text or of student AI use; general psychometrics (adaptive testing, test assembly, IRT) with no drift, validity or AI angle. | Core: validity of assessment under generative AI (what grades and scores mean when AI is available); how grades shift under unsupervised conditions or cheating (proctored vs unproctored exams, grade inflation); AI-resistant or AI-resilient assessment design; quantitative methods that detect or model distorted assessment or learning data (DIF between humans and LLMs, item parameter or rater drift, item compromise/preknowledge, change-point or concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters). |
| Methodological rigor (M) | 0.32 | Vague evaluation, convenience sample of a few dozen, self-report only, no control group or baseline. | Clear dataset or sample (hundreds), standard metrics or validated instruments, comparison with baselines or a control group. | Randomized/controlled or preregistered, large or multi-site/multilingual data, adversarial or robustness checks, effect sizes with uncertainty. |
| Engineering countermeasures (E) | 0.25 | No method or countermeasure: describes impact, attitudes or policy only. | A concrete method or countermeasure with an evaluation: statistical test or model, detector, scoring procedure, or an assessment design tried on real cohorts. | A rigorous, reusable method: formal model with guarantees or error control, open code, validated on both real and simulated data. |
| Consensus challenge (C) | 0.43 | Reconfirms standard wisdom. | Nuances the consensus (e.g. detectors fail under mild paraphrasing; AI use does not harm an outcome it is assumed to harm). | Directly refutes high-profile claims with rigorous evidence. |
| Novelty (N) | 0.00 | Replicates well-known findings (another survey of student attitudes to ChatGPT, another test of one detector on a handful of prompts). | New dataset, benchmark, population or setting, or a previously untried technique. | Fundamentally new attack or defence, a theoretical/impossibility result, or a finding that changes how the field frames the problem. |
The model interpolates between anchors. The deep-analysis score is computed by code with the same formula from criteria_breakdown.
| Rubric version | Papers scored |
|---|---|
v2.0 | 261 |
v2.1 | 183 |
v2.2 | 20 |
v2.3 (current) | 15901 |
Screening Validation: Reliability & Agreement Metrics
Reference standard: expert verdicts. Full PRISMA systematic review metrics computed: recall, specificity, NPV, F₁, F₂, ROC AUC, DOR, paradox-immune Gwet's AC₁, and continuous score agreement.
| Measure | Value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Seed-set recall | 50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | Share of manually added 👍 works (bypassing screening) scoring ≥ threshold 5.0. Unbiased sensitivity estimate on this set. |
| Estimated corpus recall | 100% (100–100%) | Post-stratified by score band from judged works; conservative interval. Relevant works missed ≈ 0 (0–0). Not measured (too few verdicts in band): 13898 screened-out works. |
| Sensitivity / Recall | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% | Share of relevant works passed by screening: TP / (TP + FN). |
| Specificity | 20% (4/20), 95% CI 8–42% | Share of irrelevant works rejected by screening: TN / (TN + FP). |
| Precision / PPV | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% | Share of expert-approved among screening passes: TP / (TP + FP). |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 100% (4/4), 95% CI 51–100% | Share of truly irrelevant among screened-out works: TN / (TN + FN). Protects against losing relevant papers. |
| F-scores (F₁ and F₂) | F₁: 0.60 · F₂: 0.79 | F₂ weights recall twice as much as precision — critical safety metric against false exclusions in PRISMA. |
| Balanced Accuracy | 60.0% | Arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity, unaffected by class imbalance. |
| Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) | 6.82 | DOR = (TP · TN) / (FP · FN) with Haldane-Anscombe correction. Overall discriminative capability of screening. |
| ROC AUC | 0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.84) | Probability a 👍 work outscores a 👎 one (0.5 = chance). CI computed via DeLong / Bootstrap. |
| Inter-Rater Agreement (Gwet's AC₁ & Cohen's κ) | — | Gwet's AC₁ is paradox-immune inter-rater agreement on double-scored works, robust to severe class imbalance (80-90% screening rejection). |
| Continuous Score Agreement |
MAD: — r Пірсона: — |
Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) and Pearson r between scores of screening models on shared papers. |
| Score band | Works | Judged | 👍 | 👍 rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 | 8987 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 2.0–4.0 | 3747 | 0 (too few) | 0 | — |
| 4.0–5.0 | 1164 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 5.0–6.0 ✓ | 1325 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
| 6.0–8.0 ✓ | 1049 | 23 | 8 | 35% |
| 8.0–10.0 ✓ | 30 | 2 (too few) | 2 | 100% |
| Screening model | Seed recall | AUC | Sens / Spec | Prec / NPV | F₁ / AC₁ | 👍 / 👎 (TP/FP/FN/TN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite |
50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | 0.63 | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% / 16% (3/19), 95% CI 6–38% | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% / 100% (3/3), 95% CI 44–100% | 0.60 / 0.05 | 12 / 19 (12/16/0/3) |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite |
— | — | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 1.00 | 0 / 1 (0/0/0/1) |
— |
— | — | — / — | — / — | — / — | 0 / 0 (0/0/0/0) |
To narrow intervals, judge works from lower score bands: /admin/taste includes 20% random picks. Metrics update automatically with each verdict.
Methodological Rigor & Study Designs (11, 18)
Methodological rigor M (0–10) is evaluated during full-text analysis. Study design distribution reflects verified empirical classifications.
Mean Rigor (M)
6.54 / 10
Analyzed papers: 651
Quality Stratification
🟢 High rigor (M ≥ 7.0): 324
🟡 Moderate rigor (4.0 ≤ M < 7.0): 308
🔴 Low rigor (M < 4.0): 19
| Study Design | Paper Count |
|---|---|
psychometric_modeling | 252 |
other | 45 |
theoretical | 27 |
rct | 13 |
assessment_design | 171 |
natural_experiment | 5 |
quasi_experiment | 56 |
detector_evaluation | 43 |
survey | 7 |
review | 20 |
experimental | 1 |
qualitative | 11 |
PRISMA 2020 27-Item Compliance Checklist
Full audit of compliance with PRISMA 2020 checklist (Page et al., 2021) for automated systematic reviews.
| № | Section / Item | Checklist Description | Status | Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title | Identify as living systematic review | ✓ Впроваджено | Page title, report metadata |
| 2 | Abstract | Structured summary (background, objectives, methods, results) | ✓ Впроваджено | #prisma-abstract block above |
| 3 | Rationale | Rationale in context of existing knowledge | ✓ Впроваджено | Topic description and rationale |
| 4 | Objectives | Explicit objectives using PICO / PECO | ✓ Впроваджено | #pico-framework table above |
| 5 | Eligibility criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria, language, dates | ✓ Впроваджено | Thresholds R, Score, Open Access |
| 6 | Information sources | Databases, registers, search dates | ✓ Впроваджено | arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, citations |
| 7 | Search strategy | Full search strategy, boolean filters, versions | ✓ Впроваджено | search_version, term groups, API limits |
| 8 | Selection process | Selection process, automation, independent screening | ✓ Впроваджено | LLM screening rotation + editorial taste loop |
| 9 | Data collection | Data collection from full-text reports | ✓ Впроваджено | PDF → MD parser, deep prompt v2.1 |
| 10a-b | Data items | List of outcomes and study characteristics | ✓ Впроваджено | Summary, sample, design, claims, countermeasures |
| 11 | Study risk of bias | Assessment of study methodological quality | ✓ Впроваджено | Rigor criterion M (0–10), quality distribution |
| 12 | Effect measures | Effect measures for outcomes | — Обґрунтовано N/A | Qualitative synthesis without meta-analytic pooled effects |
| 13a-f | Synthesis methods | Synthesis criteria and grouping methods | ✓ Впроваджено | Tag-based clustering, comparative study cards |
| 14 | Reporting bias | Assessment of reporting/publication bias | ✓ Впроваджено | Analysis of paywall exclusions & open access skew |
| 15 | Certainty assessment | Certainty assessment of body of evidence | ✓ Впроваджено | Automated quote grounding against full-text Markdown |
| 16 | Study selection | Selection results (flow diagram, counts) | ✓ Впроваджено | 100% stage conservation closure verified |
| 17 | Study characteristics | Characteristics of included studies table | ✓ Впроваджено | Interactive table with DOI, venue, year, tags |
| 18 | Risk of bias in studies | Risk of bias findings across studies | ✓ Впроваджено | Methodological rigor M & study designs table |
| 19 | Results of individual studies | Results for each individual study | ✓ Впроваджено | Public paper pages /doi/{doi} with full analysis |
| 20a-d | Results of syntheses | Results of syntheses & sub-groups | ✓ Впроваджено | Daily living editions, RSS feed, tag filters |
| 21 | Reporting biases | Results of reporting biases assessment | ✓ Впроваджено | Paywall n=347, retracted n=0 |
| 22 | Certainty of evidence | Summary of evidence certainty | ✓ Впроваджено | Gwet's AC₁, Cohen's κ, stratified recall, ROC AUC |
| 23a-d | Discussion | Discussion, limitations, implications | ✓ Впроваджено | Limitations section (23b, 23c) in methods |
| 24a-c | Registration & protocol | Registration, protocol availability, amendments | ✓ Впроваджено | Public repo, version history of search & rubric |
| 25 | Support | Financial & non-financial support | ✓ Впроваджено | Free API tiers declared in methods |
| 26 | Competing interests | Competing interests statement | ✓ Впроваджено | Declared in methods section |
| 27 | Data & code availability | Availability of data, analytical code, materials | ✓ Впроваджено | Export to CSV / JSON buttons, open-source code |
Limitations (23b, 23c)
- Open access only: paywalled papers never reach the synthesis, so the sample skews to open and preprint work.
- Screening ranks by quality and novelty rather than pure eligibility, so the sample skews towards counter-consensus work. Validity is measured against one expert (see above); a single LLM reviewer, model bias and version differences remain possible.
- The lexical filter and result caps can miss works with other terminology; sources skew English-language.
- Records scored under an older rubric version are not rescored automatically (see version table).
- Free Gemini quota: daily limits slow analysis; some selected works wait in the queue.
Registration, protocol, amendments, support, data (24–27)
- Registration: not registered. The protocol is the configuration (topic, queries, rubric, thresholds) in the project repository; it is reproduced in this block.
- Amendments: search versions (search_version) and rubric versions (rubric_version), tables above.
- Funding: none declared, free API tiers are used. Competing interests: none declared.
- Data: analyses and metadata are on article pages, RSS and sitemap; full texts are private (copyright) and not published.
Filter by Tags
Select one or more tags to refine the flow numbers and article corpus.
#psychometrics (106)
#Psychometrics (62)
#Item Response Theory (50)
#academic integrity (48)
#Assessment Validity (39)
#assessment validity (39)
#item response theory (39)
#higher education (37)
#automated essay scoring (32)
#Automated Essay Scoring (31)
#Generative AI (29)
#construct validity (26)
#Construct Validity (24)
#IRT (24)
#LLM as rater (22)
#generative AI (20)
#Academic Integrity (19)
#Higher Education (19)
#Large Language Models (18)
#Automated Scoring (17)
#LLM Evaluation (17)
#assessment redesign (17)
#large language models (17)
#assessment_design (16)
#prompt engineering (16)
#automated scoring (15)
#AI-resilient assessment (14)
#GPT-4 (14)
#LLM as Rater (14)
#validity (14)
#Assessment Redesign (13)
#ChatGPT (13)
#assessment design (13)
#automated assessment (13)
#differential item functioning (13)
#Prompt Engineering (12)
#academic_integrity (12)
#LLMs as raters (11)
#assessment-validity (11)
#assessment_validity (11)
#benchmarking (11)
#inter-rater reliability (11)
#Automated Item Generation (10)
#LLM-as-a-judge (10)
#LLMs as Test Takers (10)
#item_response_theory (10)
#Computerized Adaptive Testing (9)
#DIF (9)
#Inter-Rater Reliability (9)
#LLM evaluation (9)
#automated_essay_scoring (9)
#concept drift (9)
#formative assessment (9)
#rater drift (9)
#AI-resistant assessment (8)
#Assessment Design (8)
#Computer Science Education (8)
#Differential Item Functioning (8)
#Knowledge Tracing (8)
#Validity (8)
| # | Status / Stage | Paper | LLM Score | Expert Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5501 | scored |
AI-Resume Analyzer and Job Matcher
INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (2026) · doi:10.55041/ijsrem67943 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5502 | scored |
Perceived barriers and facilitators to improving lung cancer screening among primary care providers in an academic teaching hospital: A qualitative needs assessment.
JCO Oncology Practice (2026) · doi:10.1200/op.2026.22.10_suppl.585 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5503 | scored |
Fostering Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development in India: A Perspective From SAC‐ACCP
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2026) · doi:10.1002/jcph.70307 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5504 | scored |
AI-powered real-time clinical documentation in oncology and internal medicine: A pilot study of automated SOAP note.
JCO Oncology Practice (2026) · doi:10.1200/op.2026.22.10_suppl.735 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5505 | scored |
LLM-assisted identification of baseline predictors of cardiovascular immune-related adverse events in ICI-treated lung cancer: A retrospective real world study.
JCO Oncology Practice (2026) · doi:10.1200/op.2026.22.10_suppl.732 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5506 | scored |
A mixed methods analysis of young breast cancer survivors' symptom self-monitoring and management.
JCO Oncology Practice (2026) · doi:10.1200/op.2026.22.10_suppl.471 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5507 | scored |
Evaluation of six generative large language models answering pre-analytical questions in medical microbiology
Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2026.09.035 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5508 | scored |
A classroom experimental demonstration of AI water consumption
Physics Education (2026) · doi:10.1088/1361-6552/aeade4 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5509 | scored |
AI Tools adoption among Students: A Technology Acceptance Model Approach to Learning Efficiency and Academic Performance
JOURNAL OF ADVANCE AND FUTURE RESEARCH (2026) · doi:10.56975/jaafr.v4i10.515250 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5510 | scored |
Comparing Diagnostic Ability of Two Off-the-Shelf Large Language Models with That of Endodontists for Teeth Requiring Initial Root Canal Treatment: A Multicenter Retrospective Investigation
Journal of Endodontics (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2026.10.003 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5511 | Screened Out |
Qualitative ethical technology assessment of artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT) among filipino Gen Z members: implications for ethics education in higher learning institutions
Asia Pacific Journal of Education (2024) · doi:10.1080/02188791.2024.2303048 · v1.0 |
2.5 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5512 | scored |
Integrating Generative AI in Higher Education: Challenges, Opportunities, and Innovations in Assessment Practices within Electrical Engineering
Education, research and perspectives (2024) · doi:10.70953/erpv51.2412003 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5513 | Screened Out |
AI-augmented heutagogy: a framework for fostering self-determined learning and agency in higher education
Higher Education Research & Development (2025) · doi:10.1080/07294360.2025.2564977 · v1.0 |
4.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5514 | No Fulltext |
Designing AI-Resilient Exams: Error-Correction Assignments in Engineering Education
Human-Centric Intelligent Systems (2026) · doi:10.1007/s44230-026-00157-2 · v1.0 |
7.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5515 | Screened Out |
Generative AI in Higher Education: Graduate Teaching Assistants’ Practice and Reflection on ChatGPT for Module Assessment
UK and Ireland Engineering Education Research Network Conference Proceedings 2023 (2024) · doi:10.31273/10.31273/9781911675167/1643 · v1.0 |
2.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5516 | No Fulltext |
Developing a multilevel framework for AI integration in technical and engineering higher education: insights from bibliometric analysis and ethnographic research
Interactive Technology and Smart Education (2025) · doi:10.1108/itse-12-2024-0314 · v1.0 |
5.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5517 | Screened Out |
Impact of digital media literacy on attitude toward generative AI acceptance in higher education
Frontiers in Education (2025) · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1563148 · v1.0 |
3.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5518 | scored |
Preparing Students for an AI-Driven World: Generative AI and Curriculum Reform in Higher Education
Frontiers of Digital Education (2025) · doi:10.1007/s44366-025-0067-6 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5519 | Screened Out |
Integrating Artificial Intelligence Into Higher Education Assessment
Intersection: A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning (2025) · doi:10.61669/001c.131915 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5520 | scored |
Book review: Beckingham, S., Lawrence, J., Powell, S. and Hartley, P. (eds) (2024) Using generative AI effectively in higher education: sustainable and ethical practices for learning, teaching and assessment. London: Routledge.
Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education (2025) · doi:10.47408/jldhe.vi36.1599 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5521 | No Fulltext |
AI and VR integration for enhancing ethical decision-making skills and competency of learners in higher education
International Journal of STEM Education (2025) · doi:10.1186/s40594-025-00575-x · v1.0 |
6.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5522 | scored |
Using Generative AI Effectively in Higher Education: Sustainable and Ethical Practices for Learning, Teaching and Assessment
Perspectives: Policy & Practice in Higher Education (2025) · doi:10.1080/13603108.2025.2476015 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5523 | scored |
Impact Assessment of Generative AI Integration in Higher Education Teaching and Learning
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Education and Computer Technology (2025) · doi:10.1145/3764206.3764319 · v1.0 |
5.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5524 | Screened Out |
A systematic review of the early impact of artificial intelligence on higher education curriculum, instruction, and assessment
Frontiers in Education (2025) · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1522841 · v1.0 |
3.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5525 | Screened Out |
Advancing Higher Education through Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Framework for Teaching, Assessment, and Research Integration
East African Journal of Education Studies (2025) · doi:10.37284/eajes.8.2.2946 · v1.0 |
2.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5526 | Screened Out |
Generative AI in Assessment and Feedback Generation in Higher Education: A Systematic Review
International Conference on Education Technology and Computer (2025) · doi:10.1109/icetc66579.2025.11387416 · v1.0 |
4.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5527 | scored |
PBL Meets AI: Innovating Assessment in Higher Education
International Conference on Computer Supported Education (2025) · doi:10.5220/0013331700003932 · v1.0 |
5.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5528 | scored |
Differential Item Functioning Analysis for Students by Special Education Status
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2013187 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5529 | scored |
Investigating the Evidence of Differential Item Functioning From Interactive Process Log Data (Poster 21)
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2007192 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5530 | scored |
Examining Gender Differential Item Functioning in Reading Self-Concept for the Fourth-Grade American Students in PIRLS Assessments (Poster 29)
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2006181 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5531 | scored |
Lasso Regularization Versus Tree-Based Modeling Approach for Differential Item Functioning Detection in Polytomous Items
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2019460 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5532 | scored |
Do State-Mandated Assessments Measure English Learners' Knowledge of Math? Differential Item Functioning Analyses With Three English Proficiency Levels
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2015167 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5533 | Screened Out |
Gender Differences in Cognitive Intelligence Testing: An Exploration of the Differential Item Functioning among Adolescents in Nigeria
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (2023) · doi:10.47772/ijriss.2023.70820 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5534 | scored |
Investigating Differential Item Functioning via Odds Ratio in Cognitive Diagnosis Models
Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics (2023) · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27781-8_19 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5535 | Screened Out |
Trust and security in Italy
Proceedings e report (2023) · doi:10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.42 · v1.0 |
2.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5536 | Screened Out |
INVESTIGATION OF GLOBAL MINDEDNESS SCALE IN TERMS OF DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING
Uluslararası İnovatif Eğitim Araştırmacısı (2023) · doi:10.29228/iedres.64609 · v1.0 |
2.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5537 | Screened Out |
Analysis of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) on the Work-Life Balance Scale
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research (2023) · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-032-9_31 · v1.0 |
1.5 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 5538 | Not Article |
Differential Item Functioning (DIF)
Springer eBooks (2023) · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_728 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 5539 | Not Article |
Supplemental Material for Investigating Gender-Based Differential Item Functioning on the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD): An Item Response Theory Analysis
Psychological Assessment (2023) · doi:10.1037/pas0001229.supp · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 5540 | scored |
An Intersectional Approach to Differential Item Functioning
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2023) · doi:10.3102/2013379 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 5541 | scored |
SIMULATED COMPUTER ADAPTIVE TESTING ADMINISTRATION: TRAJECTORIES FOR OFF-SITE ASSESSMENT
PONTE International Scientific Researchs Journal (2023) · doi:10.21506/j.ponte.2023.6.4 · v1.0 |
5.3 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5542 | Screened Out |
Developing a short standard questionnaire for assessing work organization hazards: the Healthy Work Survey (HWS)
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2023) · doi:10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e7 · v1.0 |
2.3 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5543 | Screened Out |
Catquest-9SF questionnaire: validation of the Portuguese version using the Rasch analysis
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia (2023) · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20230014 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5544 | Screened Out |
Cross-Regional Validation of the Assessment of Positive Occupation 15: Differential Item and Test Functioning Analysis
Asian Journal of Occupational Therapy (2023) · doi:10.11596/asiajot.19.46 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5545 | In Buffer |
Does BERT Exacerbate Gender or L1 Biases in Automated English Speaking Assessment?
Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (2023) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.bea-1.54 · v1.0 |
5.4 (gemini-3.6-flash) | — |
| 5546 | scored |
Enhancing Credit Card Fraud Detection: An Ensemble Machine Learning Approach
Big Data and Cognitive Computing (2024) · doi:10.3390/bdcc8010006 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5547 | scored |
Long-term follow-up of a bilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy following COVID-19 infection: a case report
Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection (2024) · doi:10.1186/s12348-023-00382-x · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5548 | scored |
A Cumulative Shock Model with Random Failure Threshold and a Change Point
Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) (2024) · doi:10.1109/rams51492.2024.10457802 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5549 | scored |
Improving Athletic Trainers’ Knowledge of Clinical Documentation Through Novel Educational Interventions: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal of Athletic Training (2024) · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0407.23 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 5550 | scored |
P-Diagram Driven Robust PFMEA Development
Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) (2024) · doi:10.1109/rams51492.2024.10457592 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |