Systematic Review Flow (PRISMA 2020)
Transparent flow of article identification, LLM screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and inclusion into living synthesis with expert validation.
✓ PRISMA funnel conservation verified (100% stage closure)
Zero data leakage: n_in = n_out + ∑n_excl + n_pending verified across identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis.
ID: 17594 →
Screen: 16548 →
Eligible: 2473 →
Included: 84
Expert Validation & Taste Loop
Independent of the formal PRISMA selection rules: editorial verdicts by the curator to calibrate quality and active learning.
👍 10
Approved in digest
(14 total in corpus)
👎 29
Rejected with reason
(1 pre / 18 post analysis)
Breakdown of expert rejection reasons:
not_novel: 4
not_for_educators: 3
off_topic: 13
too_narrow: 2
duplicate: 5
other: 1
weak_method: 1
📋 Structured Review Summary (PRISMA 2020: Item 2)
Background: Living systematic review of Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous agents in higher education. Focuses on engineering countermeasures to academic dishonesty and redesign of assessment.
Objectives: Systematic identification, screening, and synthesis of empirical evidence regarding reliability, methodological rigor, and consensus challenges in higher education GenAI integration.
Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly works with open-access full text; topic relevance R ≥ 4.0; weighted final score ≥ 5.0.
Information Sources: Multi-register tracking: arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, plus forward/backward citation loops (depth 1–2).
Risk of Bias & Quality: Multi-criteria methodological rigor (M, 0–10). Screening reliability validated via dual evaluation: Gwet's AC1, stratified recall, and ROC AUC.
Synthesis & Included: Included n = 84 verified works into the living review with extracted claims, limitations, and empirical findings.
🎯 PICO / PECO Search & Eligibility Framework (PRISMA 2020: Items 4–5)
| Component | Protocol Definition | Inclusion / Exclusion Boundaries |
|---|---|---|
| P (Population) | Higher education: universities, colleges, undergraduate/graduate students, instructors, and examiners. | Included: higher/tertiary education. Excluded: purely K-12 primary education without transferability. |
| I / E (Intervention / Exposure) | Use of modern LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama) and agentic frameworks for exam solving, tutoring, or automated grading. | Included: empirical testing and deployment of LLMs. Excluded: legacy non-generative ML or symbolic AI. |
| C (Comparator) | Traditional non-AI assessments, human baselines, or comparative evaluation of engineering defenses (guardrails, multi-agent validation). | Included: baselines, cohort comparisons, or countermeasures. Excluded: purely speculative essays without comparator. |
| O (Outcomes) | Task performance, exam breach rates, countermeasure resilience, shift in assessment rubrics, cognitive learning outcomes. | Included: empirical accuracy, resilience, rubric difficulty, psychometrics. Excluded: unverified claims. |
| S (Study Design) | Empirical studies: controlled experiments (RCT), quasi-experiments, case studies, psychometric evaluations, benchmark audits. | Included: peer-reviewed/preprint research with empirical data. Excluded: opinion blogs, press releases. |
* Footnote *: Prefilter Mathematical Model, Indicators & Scoring Formula (Rubric v2.3)
Rubric Indicators & Parameters
| Symbol | Indicator Name | Weight / Value |
|---|---|---|
| M | Methodological Rigor | wM = 0.32 |
| E | Engineering Countermeasures | wE = 0.25 |
| C | Consensus Challenge | wC = 0.43 |
| N | Novelty | wN = 0.00 |
| R | Topic Relevance (0–10) | Rmin = 4.0, Rfull = 7.0 |
| Gate | Binary Scope Gate | PASS / FAIL |
| Поріг | Pass Threshold | Score ≥ 5.0 |
Relevance R is a multiplier, not a summand: papers with R < R_min receive 0, and high-quality off-topic papers cannot outrank topical ones.
Scoring Formulae (MathML Core)
1. Final Prefilter Score:
2. Weighted Quality Score (Q):
3. Logical Prefilter Screening Criterion:
Methods & reporting (PRISMA 2020 items 1–15, 23–27)
Review type, objective, eligibility (1, 3–5)
Living systematic review: a daily-updated, automation-assisted selection. It is a literature-selection tool, not a published review with meta-analysis.
Topic (given to the model): Validity of educational assessment under generative AI and how to keep it (AI-resistant / AI-resilient assessment). Core: how generative AI changes what grades and test scores mean (validity arguments in the sense of Kane and Messick), assessment redesign, and quantitative methods that detect or model the distortion in assessment and learning data: item response theory, differential item functioning between humans and LLMs, item parameter drift, rater drift, item compromise and preknowledge, score shifts under unsupervised or online conditions (proctored vs unproctored exams, cheating, grade inflation), change-point and concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters, computerized adaptive testing and automated test assembly. Computational, statistical and engineering work is preferred, but a solid conceptual or empirical education study of assessment under generative AI belongs here too. Detectors of AI-generated text and watermarking are only adjacent to the topic. The audience is university educators and researchers: work about primary and secondary school (K-12) is off topic unless its findings or methods clearly transfer to higher education.
- Include: a scholarly article with topic relevance R ≥ 4.0, final score ≥ 5.0; a legal open-access full text that was actually read.
- Exclude: non-articles (datasets, code, errata), duplicates and preprints of published works, retracted works, K-12 with no transfer to higher education, works without full text (paywall, fetch errors), expert-rejected works (👎, reason recorded).
- Manual additions (origin = manual) bypass score screening but go through eligibility assessment.
Information sources & last searched (6)
| Channel | Records | Last record |
|---|---|---|
search — arXiv, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC | 15693 | 2026-11-07 22:22 |
ref — reference lists of read works | 1874 | 2026-11-07 22:24 |
manual — added manually | 27 | 2026-10-07 12:05 |
Citation candidates take metadata from OpenAlex; Crossref/Unpaywall supply DOIs, versions and open PDFs.
Search strategy (7)
Current search version: v1.0. A work matches if its title/abstract hits a term from EVERY group of at least one query (OR within a group; case-insensitive, word boundaries).
Queries (groups):
education × ai; psychometrics × ai; integrity × education; drift × education; drift × psychometrics
education: education, educational, student, learner, teacher, lecturer, classroom, university, higher education, school, curriculum, assessment, exam, examination, examinee, test taker, test score, grading, homework, coursework, online course, essay, academic integrity, academic misconduct, plagiarism, cheating, e-learning, MOOC
ai: generative AI, GenAI, large language model, LLM, ChatGPT, GPT-4, chatbot, AI-generated, AI-assisted, AI-resistant, AI-resilient, AI tool, artificial intelligence
integrity: proctoring, proctored, unproctored, non-proctored, remote proctoring, online exam, online test, online testing, exam integrity, testing integrity, academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, contract cheating, grade inflation
psychometrics: item response theory, IRT, Rasch, psychometric, educational measurement, educational testing, differential item functioning, computerized adaptive testing, adaptive testing, automated test assembly, knowledge tracing, automated scoring, automated essay scoring, validity argument, construct validity, assessment validity, predictive validity
drift: parameter drift, dynamic item response, item parameter drift, rater drift, severity drift, concept drift, change point, change-point detection, item compromise, preknowledge, item exposure, test security, aberrant response, person-fit, differential item functioning
Semantic Scholar phrases: assessment validity generative AI; AI-resilient assessment higher education; AI-resistant assessment design; generative AI exam performance natural experiment; differential item functioning large language models humans; LLM as test taker item response theory; proctored versus unproctored online exam scores; generative AI grade inflation; item parameter drift detection; item compromise preknowledge detection; concept drift knowledge tracing; change point detection educational testing
arXiv: cs.CY, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.AP, stat.ME. Result caps per query: OpenAlex 50, Semantic Scholar 25, ERIC 25. Citation searching: depth 1 from read and 👍 works, depth 2 from 👍 only; neighbours of 👍 works bypass the lexical filter.
| Search version | Records (search) | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|
v1.0 | 15693 | 2026-10-06 | 2026-11-07 |
Selection process & automation (8, 9, 11)
- Abstract screening: a single automated reviewer — an LLM (gemini-3.1-flash-lite, gemini-3.5-flash-lite), batches of 20, models alternate; every evaluation is stored (prefilter_evaluations) with model and rubric version.
- Full-text analysis and data collection: gemini-3.8-flash, gemini-3.7-flash, gemini-3.6-flash, prompt
v2.1. Only after PDF→Markdown conversion; the model is never called without full text. - Verification: code checks every quote against the text (exact match after normalisation); unconfirmed claims are discarded.
- Human: no independent second reviewer. The owner gives 👍/👎 verdicts on a sample (50% near threshold, 30% top, 20% random); they steer the queue and few-shot examples but do not change the score.
- Data items (10): summary, method/data/sample, claims, limitations, study design (assessment_design, psychometric_modeling, natural_experiment, detector_evaluation, survey, rct, quasi_experiment, qualitative, theoretical, review, other), tags, rubric criteria.
- Risk of bias (11): not assessed formally (RoB, GRADE not applied); criterion M (methodological rigor, 0–10) is a ranking score, not a RoB tool. No effect measures or meta-analysis (12, 13d–f, 15): synthesis is qualitative, via article analyses and tags.
| Screening model | Scored |
|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 8189 |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite | 7798 |
— | 627 |
| Analysis model | prompt | Analyses |
|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | v2.1 | 275 |
gemini-3.6-flash | v2.1 | 184 |
gemini-3.8-flash | v2.1 | 108 |
gemini-3.7-flash | v2.1 | 102 |
Scoring rubric v2.3 (0–10 anchors)
The model scores 0–10 per criterion; the anchors below are embedded in the prompt. Formula and weights are in the footnote above. Changing anchors or weights without a new version is blocked by a hash check.
| Criterion | Weight | 2 | 5 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic relevance (R) | × min(1, R/7.0) | No link to education or assessment: image, audio or model watermarking, model IP protection, general NLP benchmarks, AI in industry. | Adjacent: generative AI in education without an assessment focus; academic integrity with no evidence on assessment outcomes; detectors of AI-generated text or of student AI use; general psychometrics (adaptive testing, test assembly, IRT) with no drift, validity or AI angle. | Core: validity of assessment under generative AI (what grades and scores mean when AI is available); how grades shift under unsupervised conditions or cheating (proctored vs unproctored exams, grade inflation); AI-resistant or AI-resilient assessment design; quantitative methods that detect or model distorted assessment or learning data (DIF between humans and LLMs, item parameter or rater drift, item compromise/preknowledge, change-point or concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters). |
| Methodological rigor (M) | 0.32 | Vague evaluation, convenience sample of a few dozen, self-report only, no control group or baseline. | Clear dataset or sample (hundreds), standard metrics or validated instruments, comparison with baselines or a control group. | Randomized/controlled or preregistered, large or multi-site/multilingual data, adversarial or robustness checks, effect sizes with uncertainty. |
| Engineering countermeasures (E) | 0.25 | No method or countermeasure: describes impact, attitudes or policy only. | A concrete method or countermeasure with an evaluation: statistical test or model, detector, scoring procedure, or an assessment design tried on real cohorts. | A rigorous, reusable method: formal model with guarantees or error control, open code, validated on both real and simulated data. |
| Consensus challenge (C) | 0.43 | Reconfirms standard wisdom. | Nuances the consensus (e.g. detectors fail under mild paraphrasing; AI use does not harm an outcome it is assumed to harm). | Directly refutes high-profile claims with rigorous evidence. |
| Novelty (N) | 0.00 | Replicates well-known findings (another survey of student attitudes to ChatGPT, another test of one detector on a handful of prompts). | New dataset, benchmark, population or setting, or a previously untried technique. | Fundamentally new attack or defence, a theoretical/impossibility result, or a finding that changes how the field frames the problem. |
The model interpolates between anchors. The deep-analysis score is computed by code with the same formula from criteria_breakdown.
| Rubric version | Papers scored |
|---|---|
v2.0 | 261 |
v2.1 | 183 |
v2.2 | 20 |
v2.3 (current) | 16150 |
Screening Validation: Reliability & Agreement Metrics
Reference standard: expert verdicts. Full PRISMA systematic review metrics computed: recall, specificity, NPV, F₁, F₂, ROC AUC, DOR, paradox-immune Gwet's AC₁, and continuous score agreement.
| Measure | Value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Seed-set recall | 50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | Share of manually added 👍 works (bypassing screening) scoring ≥ threshold 5.0. Unbiased sensitivity estimate on this set. |
| Estimated corpus recall | 100% (100–100%) | Post-stratified by score band from judged works; conservative interval. Relevant works missed ≈ 0 (0–0). Not measured (too few verdicts in band): 14102 screened-out works. |
| Sensitivity / Recall | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% | Share of relevant works passed by screening: TP / (TP + FN). |
| Specificity | 20% (4/20), 95% CI 8–42% | Share of irrelevant works rejected by screening: TN / (TN + FP). |
| Precision / PPV | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% | Share of expert-approved among screening passes: TP / (TP + FP). |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 100% (4/4), 95% CI 51–100% | Share of truly irrelevant among screened-out works: TN / (TN + FN). Protects against losing relevant papers. |
| F-scores (F₁ and F₂) | F₁: 0.60 · F₂: 0.79 | F₂ weights recall twice as much as precision — critical safety metric against false exclusions in PRISMA. |
| Balanced Accuracy | 60.0% | Arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity, unaffected by class imbalance. |
| Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) | 6.82 | DOR = (TP · TN) / (FP · FN) with Haldane-Anscombe correction. Overall discriminative capability of screening. |
| ROC AUC | 0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.84) | Probability a 👍 work outscores a 👎 one (0.5 = chance). CI computed via DeLong / Bootstrap. |
| Inter-Rater Agreement (Gwet's AC₁ & Cohen's κ) | — | Gwet's AC₁ is paradox-immune inter-rater agreement on double-scored works, robust to severe class imbalance (80-90% screening rejection). |
| Continuous Score Agreement |
MAD: — r Пірсона: — |
Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) and Pearson r between scores of screening models on shared papers. |
| Score band | Works | Judged | 👍 | 👍 rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 | 9117 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 2.0–4.0 | 3802 | 0 (too few) | 0 | — |
| 4.0–5.0 | 1183 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 5.0–6.0 ✓ | 1355 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
| 6.0–8.0 ✓ | 1063 | 23 | 8 | 35% |
| 8.0–10.0 ✓ | 31 | 2 (too few) | 2 | 100% |
| Screening model | Seed recall | AUC | Sens / Spec | Prec / NPV | F₁ / AC₁ | 👍 / 👎 (TP/FP/FN/TN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite |
50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | 0.63 | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% / 16% (3/19), 95% CI 6–38% | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% / 100% (3/3), 95% CI 44–100% | 0.60 / 0.05 | 12 / 19 (12/16/0/3) |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite |
— | — | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 1.00 | 0 / 1 (0/0/0/1) |
— |
— | — | — / — | — / — | — / — | 0 / 0 (0/0/0/0) |
To narrow intervals, judge works from lower score bands: /admin/taste includes 20% random picks. Metrics update automatically with each verdict.
Methodological Rigor & Study Designs (11, 18)
Methodological rigor M (0–10) is evaluated during full-text analysis. Study design distribution reflects verified empirical classifications.
Mean Rigor (M)
6.54 / 10
Analyzed papers: 659
Quality Stratification
🟢 High rigor (M ≥ 7.0): 327
🟡 Moderate rigor (4.0 ≤ M < 7.0): 313
🔴 Low rigor (M < 4.0): 19
| Study Design | Paper Count |
|---|---|
psychometric_modeling | 254 |
other | 45 |
theoretical | 27 |
rct | 13 |
assessment_design | 177 |
natural_experiment | 5 |
quasi_experiment | 56 |
detector_evaluation | 43 |
survey | 7 |
review | 20 |
experimental | 1 |
qualitative | 11 |
PRISMA 2020 27-Item Compliance Checklist
Full audit of compliance with PRISMA 2020 checklist (Page et al., 2021) for automated systematic reviews.
| № | Section / Item | Checklist Description | Status | Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title | Identify as living systematic review | ✓ Впроваджено | Page title, report metadata |
| 2 | Abstract | Structured summary (background, objectives, methods, results) | ✓ Впроваджено | #prisma-abstract block above |
| 3 | Rationale | Rationale in context of existing knowledge | ✓ Впроваджено | Topic description and rationale |
| 4 | Objectives | Explicit objectives using PICO / PECO | ✓ Впроваджено | #pico-framework table above |
| 5 | Eligibility criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria, language, dates | ✓ Впроваджено | Thresholds R, Score, Open Access |
| 6 | Information sources | Databases, registers, search dates | ✓ Впроваджено | arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, citations |
| 7 | Search strategy | Full search strategy, boolean filters, versions | ✓ Впроваджено | search_version, term groups, API limits |
| 8 | Selection process | Selection process, automation, independent screening | ✓ Впроваджено | LLM screening rotation + editorial taste loop |
| 9 | Data collection | Data collection from full-text reports | ✓ Впроваджено | PDF → MD parser, deep prompt v2.1 |
| 10a-b | Data items | List of outcomes and study characteristics | ✓ Впроваджено | Summary, sample, design, claims, countermeasures |
| 11 | Study risk of bias | Assessment of study methodological quality | ✓ Впроваджено | Rigor criterion M (0–10), quality distribution |
| 12 | Effect measures | Effect measures for outcomes | — Обґрунтовано N/A | Qualitative synthesis without meta-analytic pooled effects |
| 13a-f | Synthesis methods | Synthesis criteria and grouping methods | ✓ Впроваджено | Tag-based clustering, comparative study cards |
| 14 | Reporting bias | Assessment of reporting/publication bias | ✓ Впроваджено | Analysis of paywall exclusions & open access skew |
| 15 | Certainty assessment | Certainty assessment of body of evidence | ✓ Впроваджено | Automated quote grounding against full-text Markdown |
| 16 | Study selection | Selection results (flow diagram, counts) | ✓ Впроваджено | 100% stage conservation closure verified |
| 17 | Study characteristics | Characteristics of included studies table | ✓ Впроваджено | Interactive table with DOI, venue, year, tags |
| 18 | Risk of bias in studies | Risk of bias findings across studies | ✓ Впроваджено | Methodological rigor M & study designs table |
| 19 | Results of individual studies | Results for each individual study | ✓ Впроваджено | Public paper pages /doi/{doi} with full analysis |
| 20a-d | Results of syntheses | Results of syntheses & sub-groups | ✓ Впроваджено | Daily living editions, RSS feed, tag filters |
| 21 | Reporting biases | Results of reporting biases assessment | ✓ Впроваджено | Paywall n=347, retracted n=0 |
| 22 | Certainty of evidence | Summary of evidence certainty | ✓ Впроваджено | Gwet's AC₁, Cohen's κ, stratified recall, ROC AUC |
| 23a-d | Discussion | Discussion, limitations, implications | ✓ Впроваджено | Limitations section (23b, 23c) in methods |
| 24a-c | Registration & protocol | Registration, protocol availability, amendments | ✓ Впроваджено | Public repo, version history of search & rubric |
| 25 | Support | Financial & non-financial support | ✓ Впроваджено | Free API tiers declared in methods |
| 26 | Competing interests | Competing interests statement | ✓ Впроваджено | Declared in methods section |
| 27 | Data & code availability | Availability of data, analytical code, materials | ✓ Впроваджено | Export to CSV / JSON buttons, open-source code |
Limitations (23b, 23c)
- Open access only: paywalled papers never reach the synthesis, so the sample skews to open and preprint work.
- Screening ranks by quality and novelty rather than pure eligibility, so the sample skews towards counter-consensus work. Validity is measured against one expert (see above); a single LLM reviewer, model bias and version differences remain possible.
- The lexical filter and result caps can miss works with other terminology; sources skew English-language.
- Records scored under an older rubric version are not rescored automatically (see version table).
- Free Gemini quota: daily limits slow analysis; some selected works wait in the queue.
Registration, protocol, amendments, support, data (24–27)
- Registration: not registered. The protocol is the configuration (topic, queries, rubric, thresholds) in the project repository; it is reproduced in this block.
- Amendments: search versions (search_version) and rubric versions (rubric_version), tables above.
- Funding: none declared, free API tiers are used. Competing interests: none declared.
- Data: analyses and metadata are on article pages, RSS and sitemap; full texts are private (copyright) and not published.
Filter by Tags
Select one or more tags to refine the flow numbers and article corpus.
#psychometrics (106)
#Psychometrics (62)
#Item Response Theory (51)
#academic integrity (49)
#Assessment Validity (41)
#assessment validity (40)
#item response theory (39)
#higher education (37)
#Automated Essay Scoring (34)
#automated essay scoring (32)
#Generative AI (29)
#Construct Validity (26)
#construct validity (26)
#IRT (24)
#LLM as rater (22)
#Large Language Models (20)
#generative AI (20)
#Academic Integrity (19)
#Higher Education (19)
#assessment redesign (18)
#Automated Scoring (17)
#LLM Evaluation (17)
#large language models (17)
#prompt engineering (17)
#assessment_design (16)
#GPT-4 (15)
#automated scoring (15)
#AI-resilient assessment (14)
#LLM as Rater (14)
#validity (14)
#Assessment Redesign (13)
#ChatGPT (13)
#assessment design (13)
#automated assessment (13)
#differential item functioning (13)
#Prompt Engineering (12)
#academic_integrity (12)
#Automated Item Generation (11)
#LLMs as raters (11)
#assessment-validity (11)
#assessment_validity (11)
#benchmarking (11)
#inter-rater reliability (11)
#LLM-as-a-judge (10)
#LLMs as Test Takers (10)
#item_response_theory (10)
#Computerized Adaptive Testing (9)
#DIF (9)
#Inter-Rater Reliability (9)
#Knowledge Tracing (9)
#LLM evaluation (9)
#Medical Education (9)
#automated_essay_scoring (9)
#concept drift (9)
#formative assessment (9)
#rater drift (9)
#AI-resistant assessment (8)
#Assessment Design (8)
#Computer Science Education (8)
#Differential Item Functioning (8)
| # | Status / Stage | Paper | LLM Score | Expert Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7351 | Screened Out |
Algorithms for Measurement Invariance Testing
Cambridge University Press eBooks (2023) · doi:10.1017/9781009303408 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7352 | scored |
Further refinement of the Patient-Reported Impact of Dermatological Diseases (PRIDD) measure using classical test theory and item response theory
British Journal of Dermatology (2023) · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad487 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7353 | Screened Out |
Item exposure and utilization control methods for optimal test assembly
Behaviormetrika (2023) · doi:10.1007/s41237-023-00214-1 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7354 | Screened Out |
Effects of gender norms on intelligence tests: Evidence from ASIS
Journal of Pedagogical Research (2023) · doi:10.33902/jpr.202323599 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7355 | Screened Out |
Purification procedures used for the detection of gender DIF: Item bias in a foreign language test
International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education (2023) · doi:10.21449/ijate.1250358 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7356 | Screened Out |
Type I error and power rates: A comparative analysis of techniques in differential item functioning
International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education (2023) · doi:10.21449/ijate.1368341 · v1.0 |
3.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7357 | scored |
Assessing menopause symptoms in women with traumatic brain injury: the development and initial testing of a new scale
Women & Health (2023) · doi:10.1080/03630242.2023.2294969 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7358 | scored |
Stability study of hybrid MOS memristor memory using modified particle swarm optimization method
Scientific and technical journal of information technologies mechanics and optics (2024) · doi:10.17586/2226-1494-2024-24-6-1059-1065 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7359 | scored |
Impacts of cardiovascular risk factors and APOE on cognitive decline in late‐life
Alzheimer s & Dementia (2024) · doi:10.1002/alz.092121 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7360 | scored |
Longitudinal changes in cognition in relation to PET biomarkers
Alzheimer s & Dementia (2024) · doi:10.1002/alz.092028 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7361 | scored |
HEDVA: Harnessing HTTP Traffic for Enhanced Detection of Vulnerability Attacks in IoT Networks
Globecom (2024) · doi:10.1109/globecom52923.2024.10901467 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7362 | Screened Out |
Classification of Recurrent Concepts with Metafeature-based Model Selection
IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops (2024) · doi:10.1109/icdmw65004.2024.00034 · v1.0 |
4.3 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7363 | scored |
An Adaptive Ensemble Approach Using Online Global and Local Models for Pump Pressure Prediction in Well Cementing Operations
SPE Journal (2024) · doi:10.2118/223948-pa · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7364 | No Fulltext |
Detecting Compromised Items in Computerized Linear Testing: A Novel Approach Using Autoencoders and BERT
Chinese/English Journal of Educational Measurement and Evaluation (2024) · doi:10.59863/xssz8498 · v1.0 |
6.4 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7365 | Not Article |
eLife Assessment: Change point estimation by the mouse medial frontal cortex during probabilistic reward learning
arXiv/Crossref (2024) · doi:10.7554/elife.103001.1.sa4 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 7366 | scored |
A Socio-Psychological Analysis of Doping and Drug Abuse Among University Athletes in Nigeria
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21628044 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7367 | scored |
Artificial Intelligence Applications and Uses (Non-Academic): A Field Social Study in Fallujah
مجلة الأمين للعلوم الإنسانية (2026) · doi:10.66462/ajhs.v2i2.46 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7368 | Screened Out |
INTEGRATING AI-DRIVEN TOOLS INTO FASHION DESIGN EDUCATION: PEDAGOGICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Educate Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan (2026) · doi:10.32832/educate.v11i2.23969 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7369 | Screened Out |
Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence In Education: Between Innovation And Academic Integrity
International Journal of Education Vocational and Social Science (2026) · doi:10.63922/ijevss.v5i03.3919 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7370 | Screened Out |
A Block chain-Based Privacy-Preserving Framework for Detecting Cheating in Online Examinations without Video Surveillance
International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications (2026) · doi:10.70917/ijcisim-2026-3826 · v1.0 |
3.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7371 | Screened Out |
AI-Based Cheating Detection System for Examination Monitoring
International Journal Of Scientific Research In Engineering & Technology (2026) · doi:10.59256/ijsreat.20260604017 · v1.0 |
3.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7372 | Screened Out |
Theoretical Foundations of Ethical AI in Academic Research
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology (2026) · doi:10.32628/ijsrset26134114 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7373 | scored |
Introduction of a remediation process to support student learning in veterinary immunology 2308929
The Journal of Immunology (2026) · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkag141.1477 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7374 | scored |
Pedagogy in the Algorithmic Age: Redefining Learning, Teaching, and Academic Integrity
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21643539 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7375 | scored |
Changing Trends in Evaluation Techniques in Education Due to Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review
Smart innovation, systems and technologies (2026) · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9101-5_41 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 7376 | Not Article |
Convergent assessment cannot be policed: capability corpus, modality characterisation and analysis code
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21643473 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 7377 | Screened Out |
HCCI eScholar: An Online Research Database Archival System with TF-IDF and Cosine Similarity Algorithms
International Journal of Education, Research, and Innovation Perspectives (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21639963 · v1.0 |
2.4 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7378 | Screened Out |
VER0: A Proposed Hybrid Framework for Reducing Bias Against Non-Native English Speakers in AI Text Detection
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21652400 · v1.0 |
3.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7379 | scored |
Thesis Writing Services: Expert Academic Support for Master's and PhD Students
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21643340 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7380 | Screened Out |
Artificial Intelligence for Academic Libraries: Supporting Research and Identifying Plagiarism
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21638468 · v1.0 |
1.4 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7381 | Screened Out |
Unveiling the Shadows
UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (2026) · doi:10.13023/etd.2026.352 · v1.0 |
3.6 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7382 | Screened Out |
The LEARN framework for responsible use of generative AI in education: a neuroscience-informed model for problem-based learning
Journal of Computers in Education (2026) · doi:10.1007/s40692-026-00398-x · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7383 | Screened Out |
An analysis of AI ‐enabled authentic assessment strategy using text mining techniques
Review of Education (2026) · doi:10.1002/rev3.70206 · v1.0 |
3.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 7384 | scored |
Artificial intelligence in nursing education: A contemporary issue for ethical, safe, and human-centered curriculum reform
Nurse Education Today (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2026.107310 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 7385 | Screened Out |
AI governance in African higher education: Status, challenges, and a future-proof policy framework
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.62617/aie2054 · v1.0 |
3.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7386 | Screened Out |
Academic Writing in the Age of AI: Formulating Responsible Use Strategies to Preserve Academic Integrity in Arabic Higher Education
ASALIBUNA (2026) · doi:10.30762/asalibuna.v10i01.8009 · v1.0 |
3.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7387 | scored |
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE GREEN MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE INDIAN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies (2026) · doi:10.18848/b0pafp69 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7388 | Not Article |
Dataset for Evaluating the Effects of an Integrated Adaptive AI-Supported Escape-Room-Based Mathematics Serious Game on Malaysian Secondary School Students’ Learning Gain
Figshare (2026) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32103163 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 7389 | No Fulltext |
Robustness and authorship bias of large language models in scientific abstracts scoring
Discover Artificial Intelligence (2026) · doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01295-z · v1.0 |
6.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7390 | Screened Out |
AI Prototyping and Model Evaluation
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/y3jqu_v1 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7391 | Screened Out |
The Advantages and Achievements of Electronic Assessment: A Systematic Review
Quanta Research (2026) · doi:10.15157/qr.2025.3.2.131-153 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7392 | scored |
IP32-23 FROM YEARS TO MINUTES: ACCELERATING PEDIATRIC HEALTH RELATED QUALITY-OF-LIFE INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT USING AN AI-ASSISTED PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH
The Journal of Urology (2026) · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0001191472.40725.fe.23 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 7393 | No Fulltext |
A decade of reflection and thematic review on artificial intelligence's impact on educational measurement
Educational Research Review (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100789 · v1.0 |
6.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7394 | No Fulltext |
Psychometrics and Linguistics in ChatGPT-Generated Reading Tests Compared with CET-4
Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (2026) · doi:10.1177/07342829261444828 · v1.0 |
7.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7395 | Screened Out |
Examining the Effects of ChatGPT as an Automated Scoring and FeedbackTool on English-major Students’ Writing Performance in the Mekong Delta
Dong Thap University Journal of Science (2026) · doi:10.52714/dthu.sch.2986.1860 · v1.0 |
4.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7396 | Screened Out |
The Role of Test Architecture in Governing Non-Deterministic AI Systems
Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.20040383 · v1.0 |
4.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7397 | scored |
Development and validation of the Lebanese Social Media Dependency Scale (LSMDS): A cross-sectional study among university students
PLoS ONE (2026) · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0344535 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7398 | Screened Out |
AI readiness in schools: institutional policies and technological capacity in Spanish secondary education and vocational training
Frontiers in Education (2026) · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1815816 · v1.0 |
3.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 7399 | In Buffer |
Best of both worlds: combining LLMs and traditional ML for automated scoring of an open-response situational judgment test
Frontiers in Education (2026) · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1756673 · v1.0 |
6.5 (gemini-3.8-flash) | — |
| 7400 | scored |
Individual traits and experiences predict the content of dreams
Communications Psychology (2026) · doi:10.1038/s44271-026-00447-2 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |