Systematic Review Flow (PRISMA 2020)
Transparent flow of article identification, LLM screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and inclusion into living synthesis with expert validation.
✓ PRISMA funnel conservation verified (100% stage closure)
Zero data leakage: n_in = n_out + ∑n_excl + n_pending verified across identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis.
ID: 20150 →
Screen: 18946 →
Eligible: 2765 →
Included: 102
Expert Validation & Taste Loop
Independent of the formal PRISMA selection rules: editorial verdicts by the curator to calibrate quality and active learning.
👍 10
Approved in digest
(14 total in corpus)
👎 29
Rejected with reason
(1 pre / 18 post analysis)
Breakdown of expert rejection reasons:
not_novel: 4
not_for_educators: 3
off_topic: 13
too_narrow: 2
duplicate: 5
other: 1
weak_method: 1
📋 Structured Review Summary (PRISMA 2020: Item 2)
Background: Living systematic review of Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous agents in higher education. Focuses on engineering countermeasures to academic dishonesty and redesign of assessment.
Objectives: Systematic identification, screening, and synthesis of empirical evidence regarding reliability, methodological rigor, and consensus challenges in higher education GenAI integration.
Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly works with open-access full text; topic relevance R ≥ 4.0; weighted final score ≥ 5.0.
Information Sources: Multi-register tracking: arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, plus forward/backward citation loops (depth 1–2).
Risk of Bias & Quality: Multi-criteria methodological rigor (M, 0–10). Screening reliability validated via dual evaluation: Gwet's AC1, stratified recall, and ROC AUC.
Synthesis & Included: Included n = 102 verified works into the living review with extracted claims, limitations, and empirical findings.
🎯 PICO / PECO Search & Eligibility Framework (PRISMA 2020: Items 4–5)
| Component | Protocol Definition | Inclusion / Exclusion Boundaries |
|---|---|---|
| P (Population) | Higher education: universities, colleges, undergraduate/graduate students, instructors, and examiners. | Included: higher/tertiary education. Excluded: purely K-12 primary education without transferability. |
| I / E (Intervention / Exposure) | Use of modern LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama) and agentic frameworks for exam solving, tutoring, or automated grading. | Included: empirical testing and deployment of LLMs. Excluded: legacy non-generative ML or symbolic AI. |
| C (Comparator) | Traditional non-AI assessments, human baselines, or comparative evaluation of engineering defenses (guardrails, multi-agent validation). | Included: baselines, cohort comparisons, or countermeasures. Excluded: purely speculative essays without comparator. |
| O (Outcomes) | Task performance, exam breach rates, countermeasure resilience, shift in assessment rubrics, cognitive learning outcomes. | Included: empirical accuracy, resilience, rubric difficulty, psychometrics. Excluded: unverified claims. |
| S (Study Design) | Empirical studies: controlled experiments (RCT), quasi-experiments, case studies, psychometric evaluations, benchmark audits. | Included: peer-reviewed/preprint research with empirical data. Excluded: opinion blogs, press releases. |
* Footnote *: Prefilter Mathematical Model, Indicators & Scoring Formula (Rubric v2.3)
Rubric Indicators & Parameters
| Symbol | Indicator Name | Weight / Value |
|---|---|---|
| M | Methodological Rigor | wM = 0.32 |
| E | Engineering Countermeasures | wE = 0.25 |
| C | Consensus Challenge | wC = 0.43 |
| N | Novelty | wN = 0.00 |
| R | Topic Relevance (0–10) | Rmin = 4.0, Rfull = 7.0 |
| Gate | Binary Scope Gate | PASS / FAIL |
| Поріг | Pass Threshold | Score ≥ 5.0 |
Relevance R is a multiplier, not a summand: papers with R < R_min receive 0, and high-quality off-topic papers cannot outrank topical ones.
Scoring Formulae (MathML Core)
1. Final Prefilter Score:
2. Weighted Quality Score (Q):
3. Logical Prefilter Screening Criterion:
Methods & reporting (PRISMA 2020 items 1–15, 23–27)
Review type, objective, eligibility (1, 3–5)
Living systematic review: a daily-updated, automation-assisted selection. It is a literature-selection tool, not a published review with meta-analysis.
Topic (given to the model): Validity of educational assessment under generative AI and how to keep it (AI-resistant / AI-resilient assessment). Core: how generative AI changes what grades and test scores mean (validity arguments in the sense of Kane and Messick), assessment redesign, and quantitative methods that detect or model the distortion in assessment and learning data: item response theory, differential item functioning between humans and LLMs, item parameter drift, rater drift, item compromise and preknowledge, score shifts under unsupervised or online conditions (proctored vs unproctored exams, cheating, grade inflation), change-point and concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters, computerized adaptive testing and automated test assembly. Computational, statistical and engineering work is preferred, but a solid conceptual or empirical education study of assessment under generative AI belongs here too. Detectors of AI-generated text and watermarking are only adjacent to the topic. The audience is university educators and researchers: work about primary and secondary school (K-12) is off topic unless its findings or methods clearly transfer to higher education.
- Include: a scholarly article with topic relevance R ≥ 4.0, final score ≥ 5.0; a legal open-access full text that was actually read.
- Exclude: non-articles (datasets, code, errata), duplicates and preprints of published works, retracted works, K-12 with no transfer to higher education, works without full text (paywall, fetch errors), expert-rejected works (👎, reason recorded).
- Manual additions (origin = manual) bypass score screening but go through eligibility assessment.
Information sources & last searched (6)
| Channel | Records | Last record |
|---|---|---|
search — arXiv, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC | 18044 | 2026-11-13 16:07 |
ref — reference lists of read works | 2079 | 2026-11-13 14:28 |
manual — added manually | 27 | 2026-10-07 12:05 |
Citation candidates take metadata from OpenAlex; Crossref/Unpaywall supply DOIs, versions and open PDFs.
Search strategy (7)
Current search version: v1.0. A work matches if its title/abstract hits a term from EVERY group of at least one query (OR within a group; case-insensitive, word boundaries).
Queries (groups):
education × ai; psychometrics × ai; integrity × education; drift × education; drift × psychometrics
education: education, educational, student, learner, teacher, lecturer, classroom, university, higher education, school, curriculum, assessment, exam, examination, examinee, test taker, test score, grading, homework, coursework, online course, essay, academic integrity, academic misconduct, plagiarism, cheating, e-learning, MOOC
ai: generative AI, GenAI, large language model, LLM, ChatGPT, GPT-4, chatbot, AI-generated, AI-assisted, AI-resistant, AI-resilient, AI tool, artificial intelligence
integrity: proctoring, proctored, unproctored, non-proctored, remote proctoring, online exam, online test, online testing, exam integrity, testing integrity, academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, contract cheating, grade inflation
psychometrics: item response theory, IRT, Rasch, psychometric, educational measurement, educational testing, differential item functioning, computerized adaptive testing, adaptive testing, automated test assembly, knowledge tracing, automated scoring, automated essay scoring, validity argument, construct validity, assessment validity, predictive validity
drift: parameter drift, dynamic item response, item parameter drift, rater drift, severity drift, concept drift, change point, change-point detection, item compromise, preknowledge, item exposure, test security, aberrant response, person-fit, differential item functioning
Semantic Scholar phrases: assessment validity generative AI; AI-resilient assessment higher education; AI-resistant assessment design; generative AI exam performance natural experiment; differential item functioning large language models humans; LLM as test taker item response theory; proctored versus unproctored online exam scores; generative AI grade inflation; item parameter drift detection; item compromise preknowledge detection; concept drift knowledge tracing; change point detection educational testing
arXiv: cs.CY, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.AP, stat.ME. Result caps per query: OpenAlex 50, Semantic Scholar 25, ERIC 25. Citation searching: depth 1 from read and 👍 works, depth 2 from 👍 only; neighbours of 👍 works bypass the lexical filter.
| Search version | Records (search) | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|
v1.0 | 18044 | 2026-10-06 | 2026-11-13 |
Selection process & automation (8, 9, 11)
- Abstract screening: a single automated reviewer — an LLM (gemini-3.1-flash-lite, gemini-3.5-flash-lite), batches of 20, models alternate; every evaluation is stored (prefilter_evaluations) with model and rubric version.
- Full-text analysis and data collection: gemini-3.8-flash, gemini-3.7-flash, gemini-3.6-flash, prompt
v2.1. Only after PDF→Markdown conversion; the model is never called without full text. - Verification: code checks every quote against the text (exact match after normalisation); unconfirmed claims are discarded.
- Human: no independent second reviewer. The owner gives 👍/👎 verdicts on a sample (50% near threshold, 30% top, 20% random); they steer the queue and few-shot examples but do not change the score.
- Data items (10): summary, method/data/sample, claims, limitations, study design (assessment_design, psychometric_modeling, natural_experiment, detector_evaluation, survey, rct, quasi_experiment, qualitative, theoretical, review, other), tags, rubric criteria.
- Risk of bias (11): not assessed formally (RoB, GRADE not applied); criterion M (methodological rigor, 0–10) is a ranking score, not a RoB tool. No effect measures or meta-analysis (12, 13d–f, 15): synthesis is qualitative, via article analyses and tags.
| Screening model | Scored |
|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 9449 |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite | 8834 |
— | 729 |
| Analysis model | prompt | Analyses |
|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | v2.1 | 275 |
gemini-3.6-flash | v2.1 | 263 |
gemini-3.8-flash | v2.1 | 116 |
gemini-3.7-flash | v2.1 | 108 |
Scoring rubric v2.3 (0–10 anchors)
The model scores 0–10 per criterion; the anchors below are embedded in the prompt. Formula and weights are in the footnote above. Changing anchors or weights without a new version is blocked by a hash check.
| Criterion | Weight | 2 | 5 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic relevance (R) | × min(1, R/7.0) | No link to education or assessment: image, audio or model watermarking, model IP protection, general NLP benchmarks, AI in industry. | Adjacent: generative AI in education without an assessment focus; academic integrity with no evidence on assessment outcomes; detectors of AI-generated text or of student AI use; general psychometrics (adaptive testing, test assembly, IRT) with no drift, validity or AI angle. | Core: validity of assessment under generative AI (what grades and scores mean when AI is available); how grades shift under unsupervised conditions or cheating (proctored vs unproctored exams, grade inflation); AI-resistant or AI-resilient assessment design; quantitative methods that detect or model distorted assessment or learning data (DIF between humans and LLMs, item parameter or rater drift, item compromise/preknowledge, change-point or concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters). |
| Methodological rigor (M) | 0.32 | Vague evaluation, convenience sample of a few dozen, self-report only, no control group or baseline. | Clear dataset or sample (hundreds), standard metrics or validated instruments, comparison with baselines or a control group. | Randomized/controlled or preregistered, large or multi-site/multilingual data, adversarial or robustness checks, effect sizes with uncertainty. |
| Engineering countermeasures (E) | 0.25 | No method or countermeasure: describes impact, attitudes or policy only. | A concrete method or countermeasure with an evaluation: statistical test or model, detector, scoring procedure, or an assessment design tried on real cohorts. | A rigorous, reusable method: formal model with guarantees or error control, open code, validated on both real and simulated data. |
| Consensus challenge (C) | 0.43 | Reconfirms standard wisdom. | Nuances the consensus (e.g. detectors fail under mild paraphrasing; AI use does not harm an outcome it is assumed to harm). | Directly refutes high-profile claims with rigorous evidence. |
| Novelty (N) | 0.00 | Replicates well-known findings (another survey of student attitudes to ChatGPT, another test of one detector on a handful of prompts). | New dataset, benchmark, population or setting, or a previously untried technique. | Fundamentally new attack or defence, a theoretical/impossibility result, or a finding that changes how the field frames the problem. |
The model interpolates between anchors. The deep-analysis score is computed by code with the same formula from criteria_breakdown.
| Rubric version | Papers scored |
|---|---|
v2.0 | 261 |
v2.1 | 183 |
v2.2 | 20 |
v2.3 (current) | 18548 |
Screening Validation: Reliability & Agreement Metrics
Reference standard: expert verdicts. Full PRISMA systematic review metrics computed: recall, specificity, NPV, F₁, F₂, ROC AUC, DOR, paradox-immune Gwet's AC₁, and continuous score agreement.
| Measure | Value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Seed-set recall | 50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | Share of manually added 👍 works (bypassing screening) scoring ≥ threshold 5.0. Unbiased sensitivity estimate on this set. |
| Estimated corpus recall | 100% (100–100%) | Post-stratified by score band from judged works; conservative interval. Relevant works missed ≈ 0 (0–0). Not measured (too few verdicts in band): 16208 screened-out works. |
| Sensitivity / Recall | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% | Share of relevant works passed by screening: TP / (TP + FN). |
| Specificity | 20% (4/20), 95% CI 8–42% | Share of irrelevant works rejected by screening: TN / (TN + FP). |
| Precision / PPV | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% | Share of expert-approved among screening passes: TP / (TP + FP). |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 100% (4/4), 95% CI 51–100% | Share of truly irrelevant among screened-out works: TN / (TN + FN). Protects against losing relevant papers. |
| F-scores (F₁ and F₂) | F₁: 0.60 · F₂: 0.79 | F₂ weights recall twice as much as precision — critical safety metric against false exclusions in PRISMA. |
| Balanced Accuracy | 60.0% | Arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity, unaffected by class imbalance. |
| Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) | 6.82 | DOR = (TP · TN) / (FP · FN) with Haldane-Anscombe correction. Overall discriminative capability of screening. |
| ROC AUC | 0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.84) | Probability a 👍 work outscores a 👎 one (0.5 = chance). CI computed via DeLong / Bootstrap. |
| Inter-Rater Agreement (Gwet's AC₁ & Cohen's κ) | — | Gwet's AC₁ is paradox-immune inter-rater agreement on double-scored works, robust to severe class imbalance (80-90% screening rejection). |
| Continuous Score Agreement |
MAD: — r Пірсона: — |
Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) and Pearson r between scores of screening models on shared papers. |
| Score band | Works | Judged | 👍 | 👍 rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 | 10490 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 2.0–4.0 | 4366 | 0 (too few) | 0 | — |
| 4.0–5.0 | 1352 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 5.0–6.0 ✓ | 1525 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
| 6.0–8.0 ✓ | 1179 | 23 | 8 | 35% |
| 8.0–10.0 ✓ | 37 | 2 (too few) | 2 | 100% |
| Screening model | Seed recall | AUC | Sens / Spec | Prec / NPV | F₁ / AC₁ | 👍 / 👎 (TP/FP/FN/TN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite |
50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | 0.63 | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% / 16% (3/19), 95% CI 6–38% | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% / 100% (3/3), 95% CI 44–100% | 0.60 / 0.05 | 12 / 19 (12/16/0/3) |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite |
— | — | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 1.00 | 0 / 1 (0/0/0/1) |
— |
— | — | — / — | — / — | — / — | 0 / 0 (0/0/0/0) |
To narrow intervals, judge works from lower score bands: /admin/taste includes 20% random picks. Metrics update automatically with each verdict.
Methodological Rigor & Study Designs (11, 18)
Methodological rigor M (0–10) is evaluated during full-text analysis. Study design distribution reflects verified empirical classifications.
Mean Rigor (M)
6.46 / 10
Analyzed papers: 752
Quality Stratification
🟢 High rigor (M ≥ 7.0): 355
🟡 Moderate rigor (4.0 ≤ M < 7.0): 371
🔴 Low rigor (M < 4.0): 26
| Study Design | Paper Count |
|---|---|
psychometric_modeling | 286 |
other | 54 |
theoretical | 27 |
rct | 17 |
assessment_design | 209 |
natural_experiment | 5 |
quasi_experiment | 61 |
review | 24 |
detector_evaluation | 48 |
survey | 7 |
experimental | 1 |
qualitative | 13 |
PRISMA 2020 27-Item Compliance Checklist
Full audit of compliance with PRISMA 2020 checklist (Page et al., 2021) for automated systematic reviews.
| № | Section / Item | Checklist Description | Status | Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title | Identify as living systematic review | ✓ Впроваджено | Page title, report metadata |
| 2 | Abstract | Structured summary (background, objectives, methods, results) | ✓ Впроваджено | #prisma-abstract block above |
| 3 | Rationale | Rationale in context of existing knowledge | ✓ Впроваджено | Topic description and rationale |
| 4 | Objectives | Explicit objectives using PICO / PECO | ✓ Впроваджено | #pico-framework table above |
| 5 | Eligibility criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria, language, dates | ✓ Впроваджено | Thresholds R, Score, Open Access |
| 6 | Information sources | Databases, registers, search dates | ✓ Впроваджено | arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, citations |
| 7 | Search strategy | Full search strategy, boolean filters, versions | ✓ Впроваджено | search_version, term groups, API limits |
| 8 | Selection process | Selection process, automation, independent screening | ✓ Впроваджено | LLM screening rotation + editorial taste loop |
| 9 | Data collection | Data collection from full-text reports | ✓ Впроваджено | PDF → MD parser, deep prompt v2.1 |
| 10a-b | Data items | List of outcomes and study characteristics | ✓ Впроваджено | Summary, sample, design, claims, countermeasures |
| 11 | Study risk of bias | Assessment of study methodological quality | ✓ Впроваджено | Rigor criterion M (0–10), quality distribution |
| 12 | Effect measures | Effect measures for outcomes | — Обґрунтовано N/A | Qualitative synthesis without meta-analytic pooled effects |
| 13a-f | Synthesis methods | Synthesis criteria and grouping methods | ✓ Впроваджено | Tag-based clustering, comparative study cards |
| 14 | Reporting bias | Assessment of reporting/publication bias | ✓ Впроваджено | Analysis of paywall exclusions & open access skew |
| 15 | Certainty assessment | Certainty assessment of body of evidence | ✓ Впроваджено | Automated quote grounding against full-text Markdown |
| 16 | Study selection | Selection results (flow diagram, counts) | ✓ Впроваджено | 100% stage conservation closure verified |
| 17 | Study characteristics | Characteristics of included studies table | ✓ Впроваджено | Interactive table with DOI, venue, year, tags |
| 18 | Risk of bias in studies | Risk of bias findings across studies | ✓ Впроваджено | Methodological rigor M & study designs table |
| 19 | Results of individual studies | Results for each individual study | ✓ Впроваджено | Public paper pages /doi/{doi} with full analysis |
| 20a-d | Results of syntheses | Results of syntheses & sub-groups | ✓ Впроваджено | Daily living editions, RSS feed, tag filters |
| 21 | Reporting biases | Results of reporting biases assessment | ✓ Впроваджено | Paywall n=384, retracted n=0 |
| 22 | Certainty of evidence | Summary of evidence certainty | ✓ Впроваджено | Gwet's AC₁, Cohen's κ, stratified recall, ROC AUC |
| 23a-d | Discussion | Discussion, limitations, implications | ✓ Впроваджено | Limitations section (23b, 23c) in methods |
| 24a-c | Registration & protocol | Registration, protocol availability, amendments | ✓ Впроваджено | Public repo, version history of search & rubric |
| 25 | Support | Financial & non-financial support | ✓ Впроваджено | Free API tiers declared in methods |
| 26 | Competing interests | Competing interests statement | ✓ Впроваджено | Declared in methods section |
| 27 | Data & code availability | Availability of data, analytical code, materials | ✓ Впроваджено | Export to CSV / JSON buttons, open-source code |
Limitations (23b, 23c)
- Open access only: paywalled papers never reach the synthesis, so the sample skews to open and preprint work.
- Screening ranks by quality and novelty rather than pure eligibility, so the sample skews towards counter-consensus work. Validity is measured against one expert (see above); a single LLM reviewer, model bias and version differences remain possible.
- The lexical filter and result caps can miss works with other terminology; sources skew English-language.
- Records scored under an older rubric version are not rescored automatically (see version table).
- Free Gemini quota: daily limits slow analysis; some selected works wait in the queue.
Registration, protocol, amendments, support, data (24–27)
- Registration: not registered. The protocol is the configuration (topic, queries, rubric, thresholds) in the project repository; it is reproduced in this block.
- Amendments: search versions (search_version) and rubric versions (rubric_version), tables above.
- Funding: none declared, free API tiers are used. Competing interests: none declared.
- Data: analyses and metadata are on article pages, RSS and sitemap; full texts are private (copyright) and not published.
Filter by Tags
Select one or more tags to refine the flow numbers and article corpus.
#psychometrics (115)
#Psychometrics (71)
#Item Response Theory (60)
#academic integrity (52)
#assessment validity (52)
#Assessment Validity (51)
#item response theory (46)
#Automated Essay Scoring (43)
#higher education (43)
#automated essay scoring (40)
#Generative AI (32)
#Construct Validity (31)
#construct validity (27)
#LLM as rater (26)
#Large Language Models (25)
#Higher Education (24)
#IRT (24)
#large language models (24)
#LLM Evaluation (23)
#GPT-4 (22)
#generative AI (22)
#assessment redesign (20)
#Academic Integrity (19)
#Automated Scoring (19)
#prompt engineering (19)
#ChatGPT (18)
#LLM as Rater (17)
#Prompt Engineering (17)
#automated scoring (17)
#Assessment Redesign (16)
#assessment design (16)
#assessment_design (16)
#AI-resilient assessment (14)
#validity (14)
#LLMs as raters (13)
#automated assessment (13)
#differential item functioning (13)
#Computer Science Education (12)
#Computerized Adaptive Testing (12)
#LLM-as-a-judge (12)
#academic_integrity (12)
#benchmarking (12)
#formative assessment (12)
#inter-rater reliability (12)
#Automated Item Generation (11)
#Differential Item Functioning (11)
#Knowledge Tracing (11)
#LLMs as Test Takers (11)
#Quadratic Weighted Kappa (11)
#assessment-validity (11)
#assessment_validity (11)
#rater drift (11)
#AI-resistant assessment (10)
#Inter-Rater Reliability (10)
#automated item generation (10)
#automated_essay_scoring (10)
#computerized adaptive testing (10)
#item_response_theory (10)
#AI-Resilient Assessment (9)
#DIF (9)
| # | Status / Stage | Paper | LLM Score | Expert Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13001 | Screened Out |
Detecting DIF with the Multi-Unidimensional Pairwise Preference Model: Lord’s Chi-square and IPR-NCDIF Methods
Applied Psychological Measurement (2025) · doi:10.1177/01466216251351949 · v1.0 |
4.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13002 | scored |
Patient-reported outcome measures: The Indian perspective
Physiotherapy - The Journal of Indian Association of Physiotherapists (2025) · doi:10.4103/pjiap.pjiap_83_25 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13003 | Screened Out |
Fair Assessment of Logical Ability in Military Selection: A Rasch Analysis of a Paper Fold and Cut Test
SAGE Open (2025) · doi:10.1177/21582440251372266 · v1.0 |
2.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13004 | scored |
Mental health literacy among Jordanian nurses: a cross-sectional study and scale validation
BMC Nursing (2025) · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03278-4 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13005 | scored |
A Critical Evaluation of the COMFORTneo Scale's Validity and Applicability for Preterm Infants
Paediatric and Neonatal Pain (2025) · doi:10.1002/pne2.70009 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13006 | Screened Out |
Assessing Standard Error Estimation Approaches for Robust Mean-Geometric Mean Linking
AppliedMath (2025) · doi:10.3390/appliedmath5030086 · v1.0 |
4.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13007 | scored |
Development and validation of a short version of the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictive Inventory (HAPPI): Measuring extreme appraisals of internal states and bipolar risk
Journal of Affective Disorders (2025) · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119822 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13008 | Screened Out |
Assessment of Item Bias in BECE 2024 Mathematics Multiple Choice Using Differential Item Functioning in Public Schools, Zamfara State
Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies (2025) · doi:10.9734/ajess/2025/v51i72188 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13009 | scored |
Measuring trauma: a preliminary analysis of the hurricane-related traumatic experiences questionnaire
Climate and Development (2025) · doi:10.1080/17565529.2025.2525973 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13010 | scored |
Transcultural Validity of Trauma Measurement Instruments in the Middle East : A Psychometric Analysis
Medical Laboratory Journal (2025) · doi:10.57213/caloryjournal.v3i3.794 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13011 | scored |
Psychometric evaluation of an Indonesian version of the Brief Self-Control Scale: Item calibration using polytomous Rasch models
Primenjena psihologija (2025) · doi:10.19090/pp.v18i2.2559 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13012 | scored |
Psychometric evaluation of the Adelphi Adherence Questionnaire ( ADAQ ©) in a type 2 diabetes mellitus population as a new measure of adherence and the complex factors influencing adherence in routine care
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (2025) · doi:10.1111/dom.16551 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13013 | Screened Out |
Differential item functioning analysis of Arabic language exams across gender, study specialization, and geographic region in senior high schools
REID (Research and Evaluation in Education) (2025) · doi:10.21831/reid.v11i1.85961 · v1.0 |
3.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13014 | Screened Out |
Analyzing the Achievement of Micro and Small Business Management Knowledge of Item Fit and Person Fit Rasch Model
International Journal of Research and Review (2025) · doi:10.52403/ijrr.20250719 · v1.0 |
4.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13015 | Screened Out |
Gender Differential Item Functioning on Entrance Examination: A Case of Malamulo College of Health Sciences
Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education (2025) · doi:10.59765/jriie.9.3.32 · v1.0 |
4.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13016 | scored |
Tree-based latent variable model for assessing differential item functioning in patient-reported outcome measures: a simulation study
Quality of Life Research (2025) · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-04018-6 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 13017 | scored |
Factor structure and trends in SF-12v2 health-related quality of life scores among pre-and post-pandemic samples in Thailand: confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (2025) · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02406-7 · v1.0 |
5.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13018 | Screened Out |
Psychometric Analysis of Student Social Skill Instruments (S3I) with the Rasch Model
Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy (2025) · doi:10.51214/002025071548000 · v1.0 |
4.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13019 | Screened Out |
Psychometric Evaluation of the Patient Experience Colonoscopy Scale
Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice (2025) · doi:10.1111/jep.70220 · v1.0 |
4.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13020 | scored |
ViSegEdu: Vision-Only Lecture Video Segmentation Using Self-Supervised Model
Procedia Computer Science (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.06.556 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13021 | Included |
The Reliability Illusion in Synthetic Patients: Psychometric Misalignment of Open-weight LLMs on PHQ-9 and GAD-7
Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych) (2026) · doi:10.18653/v1/2026.clpsych-1.7 · v1.0 |
7.1 (gemini-3.7-flash) | — |
| 13022 | scored |
Trend-Oriented Multiple Change-Point Detection via Genetic Algorithm Optimization Under the Minimum Description Length Principle
IEEE Access (2026) · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3736561 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13023 | scored |
"Ephemeral Learning Machines: Adaptable Models for Rapidly Changing Data Environments"
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.65525/svup.9788199565418.2026.105-116 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13024 | scored |
Adaptive Credit Scoring Model With Concept Drift Detection and Adaptation Technique for a Dynamic Environment
IEEE Access (2026) · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3703181 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13025 | scored |
Closing the Benchmark Gap in Browser-Extension Proctoring: A Formally Specified, Reproducibly Evaluated Architecture for Real-Time, BYOD-Compatible Examination Malpractice Detection
Research Square (2026) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10540699/v1 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 13026 | Screened Out |
Formation of students' research competence in the innovative educational environment of higher educational institutions
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.15587/978-617-8360-27-6.ch6 · v1.0 |
2.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13027 | Screened Out |
Productivity narratives and the marginalization of ethics: a content analysis of academic influencer discourse on AI tools on Instagram
Online Media and Global Communication (2026) · doi:10.1515/omgc-2026-0012 · v1.0 |
2.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13028 | Screened Out |
My Approach to Using Artificial Intelligence in English Language Teaching - A Human-Centered Framework for Language Learning and Teaching
Universal Library of languages and literatures. (2026) · doi:10.70315/uloap.ullli.2026.0301005 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13029 | Screened Out |
Dari Alat menjadi Mitra Belajar: Eksplorasi Peran Generative Artificial Intelligence dalam Pembelajaran Ilmu Komputer
Mars Jurnal Teknik Mesin Industri Elektro Dan Ilmu Komputer (2026) · doi:10.61132/mars.v4i4.1773 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13030 | Screened Out |
Students’ use of artificial intelligence in higher education, and their reflections on that use: an interview study
Journal of Documentation (2026) · doi:10.1108/jd-12-2025-0405 · v1.0 |
3.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13031 | Screened Out |
Exploring an Educator’s Experience in Higher Education During Generative AI Transformation
IAFOR Journal of Education (2026) · doi:10.22492/ije.14.2.01 · v1.0 |
3.5 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13032 | Screened Out |
Challenges and Prospects of Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Social Studies Curriculum
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH (2026) · doi:10.56201/ijssmr.vol.12no3.2026.pg808.820 · v1.0 |
1.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13033 | scored |
Prevailing Culture and Its Relationship to the Spread of Cheating: A Theoretical Study from a Sociological Perspective
Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (2026) · doi:10.65420/xtewh309 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 13034 | Screened Out |
The Generative AI Paradigm Shift in Higher Education : Synthesizing Impacts on Classroom Pedagogy, Evaluation Frameworks and Institutional Governance
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22161518 · v1.0 |
3.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13035 | scored |
From The Editor-In-Chief
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Development & Sustainability (2026) · doi:10.68086/fzuc2853 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13036 | scored |
Research Topic Bank and Roadmap for English Language Education in the Generative AI Era (2026–2030)
Figshare (2026) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33383836 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13037 | Not Article |
Chess Cheating Experiment Thematic Analysis and Coding
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22160873 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 13038 | scored |
Using LLMs without trust: the adoption–trust paradox as institutional governance failure in academic ecosystems
AI & Society (2026) · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03323-z · v1.0 |
5.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13039 | Screened Out |
Analysis of Generative AI Acceptance Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) at Universitas Merdeka Madiun
PUBLIKA Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik (2026) · doi:10.25299/jiap.2026.28313 · v1.0 |
2.5 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13040 | Not Article |
Survey dataset on perceived factors associated with self-reported AI-assisted academic cheating among undergraduate students in Vietnam
Figshare (2026) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33385540 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 13041 | In Buffer |
Reading Hidden Behaviors on Model Organisms
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22165321 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.6-flash) | — |
| 13042 | Screened Out |
Challenge of maintaining academic integrity while using Artificial intelligence in research: Potential, pitfalls, and accountability
Journal of Education Technology in Health Sciences (2026) · doi:10.18231/j.jeths.17229.1786445252 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13043 | Screened Out |
Developing the HAKI model as a conceptual framework for AI-assisted academic research
Discover Education (2026) · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-02041-4 · v1.0 |
3.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13044 | Screened Out |
The Impact of Large Language Models on EFL Learners Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Iraqi Context
مجلة الفتح للبحوث التربوية والنفسية (2026) · doi:10.64940/jfath/2026.special.issue.2.13 · v1.0 |
4.2 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13045 | Screened Out |
Using AI to Support Teaching and Learning of Multiword Sequences
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.37546/jaltpcp2025-02 · v1.0 |
2.4 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13046 | Screened Out |
Institutional and Governance Challenges in Recognizing Content Generated by Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education
The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences (2026) · doi:10.55549/epess.1055 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13047 | Screened Out |
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education Mathematics Classrooms and Its Influence on Teaching and Learning
The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences (2026) · doi:10.55549/epess.1049 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13048 | abstract_only |
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THREE LLMS FOR CEFR-ALIGNED READING PASSAGE AND ITEM GENERATION
PUPIL International Journal of Teaching Education and Learning (2026) · doi:10.20319/ictel.2026.221222 · v1.0 |
6.2 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13049 | Screened Out |
AI Acceptance and Future Anxiety: A Review on Extend- ing the Technology Acceptance Model with Threat Per- ception and Anxiety Components in the Context of AI- Induced Job Insecurity
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21240979 · v1.0 |
3.3 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 13050 | Screened Out |
Determinants of Teachers’ Acceptance of an AI-Powered Essay Assessment System: A TAM Study of Esygrade in Economics Education
Economic Education and Entrepreneurship Journal (2026) · doi:10.23960/e3j/v9.i1.9-16 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |