Systematic Review Flow (PRISMA 2020)
Transparent flow of article identification, LLM screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and inclusion into living synthesis with expert validation.
✓ PRISMA funnel conservation verified (100% stage closure)
Zero data leakage: n_in = n_out + ∑n_excl + n_pending verified across identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis.
ID: 20150 →
Screen: 18986 →
Eligible: 2773 →
Included: 102
Expert Validation & Taste Loop
Independent of the formal PRISMA selection rules: editorial verdicts by the curator to calibrate quality and active learning.
👍 10
Approved in digest
(14 total in corpus)
👎 29
Rejected with reason
(1 pre / 18 post analysis)
Breakdown of expert rejection reasons:
not_novel: 4
not_for_educators: 3
off_topic: 13
too_narrow: 2
duplicate: 5
other: 1
weak_method: 1
📋 Structured Review Summary (PRISMA 2020: Item 2)
Background: Living systematic review of Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous agents in higher education. Focuses on engineering countermeasures to academic dishonesty and redesign of assessment.
Objectives: Systematic identification, screening, and synthesis of empirical evidence regarding reliability, methodological rigor, and consensus challenges in higher education GenAI integration.
Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly works with open-access full text; topic relevance R ≥ 4.0; weighted final score ≥ 5.0.
Information Sources: Multi-register tracking: arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, plus forward/backward citation loops (depth 1–2).
Risk of Bias & Quality: Multi-criteria methodological rigor (M, 0–10). Screening reliability validated via dual evaluation: Gwet's AC1, stratified recall, and ROC AUC.
Synthesis & Included: Included n = 102 verified works into the living review with extracted claims, limitations, and empirical findings.
🎯 PICO / PECO Search & Eligibility Framework (PRISMA 2020: Items 4–5)
| Component | Protocol Definition | Inclusion / Exclusion Boundaries |
|---|---|---|
| P (Population) | Higher education: universities, colleges, undergraduate/graduate students, instructors, and examiners. | Included: higher/tertiary education. Excluded: purely K-12 primary education without transferability. |
| I / E (Intervention / Exposure) | Use of modern LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama) and agentic frameworks for exam solving, tutoring, or automated grading. | Included: empirical testing and deployment of LLMs. Excluded: legacy non-generative ML or symbolic AI. |
| C (Comparator) | Traditional non-AI assessments, human baselines, or comparative evaluation of engineering defenses (guardrails, multi-agent validation). | Included: baselines, cohort comparisons, or countermeasures. Excluded: purely speculative essays without comparator. |
| O (Outcomes) | Task performance, exam breach rates, countermeasure resilience, shift in assessment rubrics, cognitive learning outcomes. | Included: empirical accuracy, resilience, rubric difficulty, psychometrics. Excluded: unverified claims. |
| S (Study Design) | Empirical studies: controlled experiments (RCT), quasi-experiments, case studies, psychometric evaluations, benchmark audits. | Included: peer-reviewed/preprint research with empirical data. Excluded: opinion blogs, press releases. |
* Footnote *: Prefilter Mathematical Model, Indicators & Scoring Formula (Rubric v2.3)
Rubric Indicators & Parameters
| Symbol | Indicator Name | Weight / Value |
|---|---|---|
| M | Methodological Rigor | wM = 0.32 |
| E | Engineering Countermeasures | wE = 0.25 |
| C | Consensus Challenge | wC = 0.43 |
| N | Novelty | wN = 0.00 |
| R | Topic Relevance (0–10) | Rmin = 4.0, Rfull = 7.0 |
| Gate | Binary Scope Gate | PASS / FAIL |
| Поріг | Pass Threshold | Score ≥ 5.0 |
Relevance R is a multiplier, not a summand: papers with R < R_min receive 0, and high-quality off-topic papers cannot outrank topical ones.
Scoring Formulae (MathML Core)
1. Final Prefilter Score:
2. Weighted Quality Score (Q):
3. Logical Prefilter Screening Criterion:
Methods & reporting (PRISMA 2020 items 1–15, 23–27)
Review type, objective, eligibility (1, 3–5)
Living systematic review: a daily-updated, automation-assisted selection. It is a literature-selection tool, not a published review with meta-analysis.
Topic (given to the model): Validity of educational assessment under generative AI and how to keep it (AI-resistant / AI-resilient assessment). Core: how generative AI changes what grades and test scores mean (validity arguments in the sense of Kane and Messick), assessment redesign, and quantitative methods that detect or model the distortion in assessment and learning data: item response theory, differential item functioning between humans and LLMs, item parameter drift, rater drift, item compromise and preknowledge, score shifts under unsupervised or online conditions (proctored vs unproctored exams, cheating, grade inflation), change-point and concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters, computerized adaptive testing and automated test assembly. Computational, statistical and engineering work is preferred, but a solid conceptual or empirical education study of assessment under generative AI belongs here too. Detectors of AI-generated text and watermarking are only adjacent to the topic. The audience is university educators and researchers: work about primary and secondary school (K-12) is off topic unless its findings or methods clearly transfer to higher education.
- Include: a scholarly article with topic relevance R ≥ 4.0, final score ≥ 5.0; a legal open-access full text that was actually read.
- Exclude: non-articles (datasets, code, errata), duplicates and preprints of published works, retracted works, K-12 with no transfer to higher education, works without full text (paywall, fetch errors), expert-rejected works (👎, reason recorded).
- Manual additions (origin = manual) bypass score screening but go through eligibility assessment.
Information sources & last searched (6)
| Channel | Records | Last record |
|---|---|---|
search — arXiv, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC | 18044 | 2026-11-13 16:07 |
ref — reference lists of read works | 2079 | 2026-11-13 14:28 |
manual — added manually | 27 | 2026-10-07 12:05 |
Citation candidates take metadata from OpenAlex; Crossref/Unpaywall supply DOIs, versions and open PDFs.
Search strategy (7)
Current search version: v1.0. A work matches if its title/abstract hits a term from EVERY group of at least one query (OR within a group; case-insensitive, word boundaries).
Queries (groups):
education × ai; psychometrics × ai; integrity × education; drift × education; drift × psychometrics
education: education, educational, student, learner, teacher, lecturer, classroom, university, higher education, school, curriculum, assessment, exam, examination, examinee, test taker, test score, grading, homework, coursework, online course, essay, academic integrity, academic misconduct, plagiarism, cheating, e-learning, MOOC
ai: generative AI, GenAI, large language model, LLM, ChatGPT, GPT-4, chatbot, AI-generated, AI-assisted, AI-resistant, AI-resilient, AI tool, artificial intelligence
integrity: proctoring, proctored, unproctored, non-proctored, remote proctoring, online exam, online test, online testing, exam integrity, testing integrity, academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, contract cheating, grade inflation
psychometrics: item response theory, IRT, Rasch, psychometric, educational measurement, educational testing, differential item functioning, computerized adaptive testing, adaptive testing, automated test assembly, knowledge tracing, automated scoring, automated essay scoring, validity argument, construct validity, assessment validity, predictive validity
drift: parameter drift, dynamic item response, item parameter drift, rater drift, severity drift, concept drift, change point, change-point detection, item compromise, preknowledge, item exposure, test security, aberrant response, person-fit, differential item functioning
Semantic Scholar phrases: assessment validity generative AI; AI-resilient assessment higher education; AI-resistant assessment design; generative AI exam performance natural experiment; differential item functioning large language models humans; LLM as test taker item response theory; proctored versus unproctored online exam scores; generative AI grade inflation; item parameter drift detection; item compromise preknowledge detection; concept drift knowledge tracing; change point detection educational testing
arXiv: cs.CY, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.AP, stat.ME. Result caps per query: OpenAlex 50, Semantic Scholar 25, ERIC 25. Citation searching: depth 1 from read and 👍 works, depth 2 from 👍 only; neighbours of 👍 works bypass the lexical filter.
| Search version | Records (search) | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|
v1.0 | 18044 | 2026-10-06 | 2026-11-13 |
Selection process & automation (8, 9, 11)
- Abstract screening: a single automated reviewer — an LLM (gemini-3.1-flash-lite, gemini-3.5-flash-lite), batches of 20, models alternate; every evaluation is stored (prefilter_evaluations) with model and rubric version.
- Full-text analysis and data collection: gemini-3.8-flash, gemini-3.7-flash, gemini-3.6-flash, prompt
v2.1. Only after PDF→Markdown conversion; the model is never called without full text. - Verification: code checks every quote against the text (exact match after normalisation); unconfirmed claims are discarded.
- Human: no independent second reviewer. The owner gives 👍/👎 verdicts on a sample (50% near threshold, 30% top, 20% random); they steer the queue and few-shot examples but do not change the score.
- Data items (10): summary, method/data/sample, claims, limitations, study design (assessment_design, psychometric_modeling, natural_experiment, detector_evaluation, survey, rct, quasi_experiment, qualitative, theoretical, review, other), tags, rubric criteria.
- Risk of bias (11): not assessed formally (RoB, GRADE not applied); criterion M (methodological rigor, 0–10) is a ranking score, not a RoB tool. No effect measures or meta-analysis (12, 13d–f, 15): synthesis is qualitative, via article analyses and tags.
| Screening model | Scored |
|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 9469 |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite | 8853 |
— | 730 |
| Analysis model | prompt | Analyses |
|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | v2.1 | 275 |
gemini-3.6-flash | v2.1 | 265 |
gemini-3.8-flash | v2.1 | 116 |
gemini-3.7-flash | v2.1 | 108 |
Scoring rubric v2.3 (0–10 anchors)
The model scores 0–10 per criterion; the anchors below are embedded in the prompt. Formula and weights are in the footnote above. Changing anchors or weights without a new version is blocked by a hash check.
| Criterion | Weight | 2 | 5 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic relevance (R) | × min(1, R/7.0) | No link to education or assessment: image, audio or model watermarking, model IP protection, general NLP benchmarks, AI in industry. | Adjacent: generative AI in education without an assessment focus; academic integrity with no evidence on assessment outcomes; detectors of AI-generated text or of student AI use; general psychometrics (adaptive testing, test assembly, IRT) with no drift, validity or AI angle. | Core: validity of assessment under generative AI (what grades and scores mean when AI is available); how grades shift under unsupervised conditions or cheating (proctored vs unproctored exams, grade inflation); AI-resistant or AI-resilient assessment design; quantitative methods that detect or model distorted assessment or learning data (DIF between humans and LLMs, item parameter or rater drift, item compromise/preknowledge, change-point or concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters). |
| Methodological rigor (M) | 0.32 | Vague evaluation, convenience sample of a few dozen, self-report only, no control group or baseline. | Clear dataset or sample (hundreds), standard metrics or validated instruments, comparison with baselines or a control group. | Randomized/controlled or preregistered, large or multi-site/multilingual data, adversarial or robustness checks, effect sizes with uncertainty. |
| Engineering countermeasures (E) | 0.25 | No method or countermeasure: describes impact, attitudes or policy only. | A concrete method or countermeasure with an evaluation: statistical test or model, detector, scoring procedure, or an assessment design tried on real cohorts. | A rigorous, reusable method: formal model with guarantees or error control, open code, validated on both real and simulated data. |
| Consensus challenge (C) | 0.43 | Reconfirms standard wisdom. | Nuances the consensus (e.g. detectors fail under mild paraphrasing; AI use does not harm an outcome it is assumed to harm). | Directly refutes high-profile claims with rigorous evidence. |
| Novelty (N) | 0.00 | Replicates well-known findings (another survey of student attitudes to ChatGPT, another test of one detector on a handful of prompts). | New dataset, benchmark, population or setting, or a previously untried technique. | Fundamentally new attack or defence, a theoretical/impossibility result, or a finding that changes how the field frames the problem. |
The model interpolates between anchors. The deep-analysis score is computed by code with the same formula from criteria_breakdown.
| Rubric version | Papers scored |
|---|---|
v2.0 | 261 |
v2.1 | 183 |
v2.2 | 20 |
v2.3 (current) | 18588 |
Screening Validation: Reliability & Agreement Metrics
Reference standard: expert verdicts. Full PRISMA systematic review metrics computed: recall, specificity, NPV, F₁, F₂, ROC AUC, DOR, paradox-immune Gwet's AC₁, and continuous score agreement.
| Measure | Value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Seed-set recall | 50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | Share of manually added 👍 works (bypassing screening) scoring ≥ threshold 5.0. Unbiased sensitivity estimate on this set. |
| Estimated corpus recall | 100% (100–100%) | Post-stratified by score band from judged works; conservative interval. Relevant works missed ≈ 0 (0–0). Not measured (too few verdicts in band): 16240 screened-out works. |
| Sensitivity / Recall | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% | Share of relevant works passed by screening: TP / (TP + FN). |
| Specificity | 20% (4/20), 95% CI 8–42% | Share of irrelevant works rejected by screening: TN / (TN + FP). |
| Precision / PPV | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% | Share of expert-approved among screening passes: TP / (TP + FP). |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 100% (4/4), 95% CI 51–100% | Share of truly irrelevant among screened-out works: TN / (TN + FN). Protects against losing relevant papers. |
| F-scores (F₁ and F₂) | F₁: 0.60 · F₂: 0.79 | F₂ weights recall twice as much as precision — critical safety metric against false exclusions in PRISMA. |
| Balanced Accuracy | 60.0% | Arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity, unaffected by class imbalance. |
| Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) | 6.82 | DOR = (TP · TN) / (FP · FN) with Haldane-Anscombe correction. Overall discriminative capability of screening. |
| ROC AUC | 0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.84) | Probability a 👍 work outscores a 👎 one (0.5 = chance). CI computed via DeLong / Bootstrap. |
| Inter-Rater Agreement (Gwet's AC₁ & Cohen's κ) | — | Gwet's AC₁ is paradox-immune inter-rater agreement on double-scored works, robust to severe class imbalance (80-90% screening rejection). |
| Continuous Score Agreement |
MAD: — r Пірсона: — |
Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) and Pearson r between scores of screening models on shared papers. |
| Score band | Works | Judged | 👍 | 👍 rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 | 10505 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 2.0–4.0 | 4380 | 0 (too few) | 0 | — |
| 4.0–5.0 | 1355 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 5.0–6.0 ✓ | 1528 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
| 6.0–8.0 ✓ | 1184 | 23 | 8 | 35% |
| 8.0–10.0 ✓ | 37 | 2 (too few) | 2 | 100% |
| Screening model | Seed recall | AUC | Sens / Spec | Prec / NPV | F₁ / AC₁ | 👍 / 👎 (TP/FP/FN/TN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite |
50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | 0.63 | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% / 16% (3/19), 95% CI 6–38% | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% / 100% (3/3), 95% CI 44–100% | 0.60 / 0.05 | 12 / 19 (12/16/0/3) |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite |
— | — | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 1.00 | 0 / 1 (0/0/0/1) |
— |
— | — | — / — | — / — | — / — | 0 / 0 (0/0/0/0) |
To narrow intervals, judge works from lower score bands: /admin/taste includes 20% random picks. Metrics update automatically with each verdict.
Methodological Rigor & Study Designs (11, 18)
Methodological rigor M (0–10) is evaluated during full-text analysis. Study design distribution reflects verified empirical classifications.
Mean Rigor (M)
6.46 / 10
Analyzed papers: 754
Quality Stratification
🟢 High rigor (M ≥ 7.0): 355
🟡 Moderate rigor (4.0 ≤ M < 7.0): 373
🔴 Low rigor (M < 4.0): 26
| Study Design | Paper Count |
|---|---|
psychometric_modeling | 286 |
other | 55 |
theoretical | 27 |
rct | 17 |
assessment_design | 210 |
natural_experiment | 5 |
quasi_experiment | 61 |
review | 24 |
detector_evaluation | 48 |
survey | 7 |
experimental | 1 |
qualitative | 13 |
PRISMA 2020 27-Item Compliance Checklist
Full audit of compliance with PRISMA 2020 checklist (Page et al., 2021) for automated systematic reviews.
| № | Section / Item | Checklist Description | Status | Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title | Identify as living systematic review | ✓ Впроваджено | Page title, report metadata |
| 2 | Abstract | Structured summary (background, objectives, methods, results) | ✓ Впроваджено | #prisma-abstract block above |
| 3 | Rationale | Rationale in context of existing knowledge | ✓ Впроваджено | Topic description and rationale |
| 4 | Objectives | Explicit objectives using PICO / PECO | ✓ Впроваджено | #pico-framework table above |
| 5 | Eligibility criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria, language, dates | ✓ Впроваджено | Thresholds R, Score, Open Access |
| 6 | Information sources | Databases, registers, search dates | ✓ Впроваджено | arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, citations |
| 7 | Search strategy | Full search strategy, boolean filters, versions | ✓ Впроваджено | search_version, term groups, API limits |
| 8 | Selection process | Selection process, automation, independent screening | ✓ Впроваджено | LLM screening rotation + editorial taste loop |
| 9 | Data collection | Data collection from full-text reports | ✓ Впроваджено | PDF → MD parser, deep prompt v2.1 |
| 10a-b | Data items | List of outcomes and study characteristics | ✓ Впроваджено | Summary, sample, design, claims, countermeasures |
| 11 | Study risk of bias | Assessment of study methodological quality | ✓ Впроваджено | Rigor criterion M (0–10), quality distribution |
| 12 | Effect measures | Effect measures for outcomes | — Обґрунтовано N/A | Qualitative synthesis without meta-analytic pooled effects |
| 13a-f | Synthesis methods | Synthesis criteria and grouping methods | ✓ Впроваджено | Tag-based clustering, comparative study cards |
| 14 | Reporting bias | Assessment of reporting/publication bias | ✓ Впроваджено | Analysis of paywall exclusions & open access skew |
| 15 | Certainty assessment | Certainty assessment of body of evidence | ✓ Впроваджено | Automated quote grounding against full-text Markdown |
| 16 | Study selection | Selection results (flow diagram, counts) | ✓ Впроваджено | 100% stage conservation closure verified |
| 17 | Study characteristics | Characteristics of included studies table | ✓ Впроваджено | Interactive table with DOI, venue, year, tags |
| 18 | Risk of bias in studies | Risk of bias findings across studies | ✓ Впроваджено | Methodological rigor M & study designs table |
| 19 | Results of individual studies | Results for each individual study | ✓ Впроваджено | Public paper pages /doi/{doi} with full analysis |
| 20a-d | Results of syntheses | Results of syntheses & sub-groups | ✓ Впроваджено | Daily living editions, RSS feed, tag filters |
| 21 | Reporting biases | Results of reporting biases assessment | ✓ Впроваджено | Paywall n=386, retracted n=0 |
| 22 | Certainty of evidence | Summary of evidence certainty | ✓ Впроваджено | Gwet's AC₁, Cohen's κ, stratified recall, ROC AUC |
| 23a-d | Discussion | Discussion, limitations, implications | ✓ Впроваджено | Limitations section (23b, 23c) in methods |
| 24a-c | Registration & protocol | Registration, protocol availability, amendments | ✓ Впроваджено | Public repo, version history of search & rubric |
| 25 | Support | Financial & non-financial support | ✓ Впроваджено | Free API tiers declared in methods |
| 26 | Competing interests | Competing interests statement | ✓ Впроваджено | Declared in methods section |
| 27 | Data & code availability | Availability of data, analytical code, materials | ✓ Впроваджено | Export to CSV / JSON buttons, open-source code |
Limitations (23b, 23c)
- Open access only: paywalled papers never reach the synthesis, so the sample skews to open and preprint work.
- Screening ranks by quality and novelty rather than pure eligibility, so the sample skews towards counter-consensus work. Validity is measured against one expert (see above); a single LLM reviewer, model bias and version differences remain possible.
- The lexical filter and result caps can miss works with other terminology; sources skew English-language.
- Records scored under an older rubric version are not rescored automatically (see version table).
- Free Gemini quota: daily limits slow analysis; some selected works wait in the queue.
Registration, protocol, amendments, support, data (24–27)
- Registration: not registered. The protocol is the configuration (topic, queries, rubric, thresholds) in the project repository; it is reproduced in this block.
- Amendments: search versions (search_version) and rubric versions (rubric_version), tables above.
- Funding: none declared, free API tiers are used. Competing interests: none declared.
- Data: analyses and metadata are on article pages, RSS and sitemap; full texts are private (copyright) and not published.
Filter by Tags
Select one or more tags to refine the flow numbers and article corpus.
#psychometrics (115)
#Psychometrics (71)
#Item Response Theory (60)
#academic integrity (52)
#assessment validity (52)
#Assessment Validity (51)
#item response theory (46)
#higher education (44)
#Automated Essay Scoring (43)
#automated essay scoring (40)
#Generative AI (32)
#Construct Validity (31)
#LLM as rater (27)
#construct validity (27)
#Large Language Models (25)
#Higher Education (24)
#IRT (24)
#large language models (24)
#LLM Evaluation (23)
#GPT-4 (22)
#generative AI (22)
#assessment redesign (20)
#Academic Integrity (19)
#Automated Scoring (19)
#prompt engineering (19)
#ChatGPT (18)
#LLM as Rater (17)
#Prompt Engineering (17)
#automated scoring (17)
#Assessment Redesign (16)
#assessment design (16)
#assessment_design (16)
#AI-resilient assessment (14)
#validity (14)
#LLMs as raters (13)
#automated assessment (13)
#differential item functioning (13)
#Computer Science Education (12)
#Computerized Adaptive Testing (12)
#LLM-as-a-judge (12)
#academic_integrity (12)
#benchmarking (12)
#formative assessment (12)
#inter-rater reliability (12)
#Automated Item Generation (11)
#Differential Item Functioning (11)
#Knowledge Tracing (11)
#LLMs as Test Takers (11)
#Quadratic Weighted Kappa (11)
#assessment-validity (11)
#assessment_validity (11)
#rater drift (11)
#AI-resistant assessment (10)
#Inter-Rater Reliability (10)
#LLM evaluation (10)
#automated item generation (10)
#automated_essay_scoring (10)
#computerized adaptive testing (10)
#item_response_theory (10)
#AI-Resilient Assessment (9)
| # | Status / Stage | Paper | LLM Score | Expert Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14001 | scored |
Energy infrastructure for AI data centers: A critical review of grid integration, techno-economic challenges, and future pathways
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117569 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14002 | scored |
Integrated Framework for Soil Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Using Fuzzy Multi-agent Systems and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) Technologies
Studies in systems, decision and control (2026) · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-32770-3_4 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14003 | scored |
Interpretable multimodal retrieval augmented diagnosis for breast ultrasound with multinational clinical validation and reader study
npj Digital Medicine (2026) · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-03272-3 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14004 | scored |
The Economics of Compliance: Measuring Market and Innovation Effects of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act's High-Risk Classification System
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23114527 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14005 | Not Article |
Pegi1727/Decolonizing-the-Algorithm-DAR-AI-Assisted-L2-Academic-Writing: Decolonizing the Algorithm (DAR) in AI-Assisted L2 Academic Writing: Epistemic Agency, Authorial Voice, and Pre–Post Research Data
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23114521 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 14006 | scored |
Green retrofitting in ceramics manufacturing industry: a hybrid LLM-MCDM approach
Scientific Reports (2026) · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73961-2 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14007 | Screened Out |
**From the "Triple Filter" to the Cognitive Contract: Applying Socratic Information Ethics to Digital and Social Media Environments**
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23115359 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14008 | Screened Out |
Machine Learning – Supported Pedagogy in Computer Engineering: A Proposed Framework for Learner Modeling, Adaptive Support, and Controlled Empirical Evaluation
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23126048 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14009 | scored |
BIẾN ĐỔI THỊ HIẾU THẨM MỸ CỦA SINH VIÊN VIỆT NAM TRONG SỰ BÙNG NỔ CỦA TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO
Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Trưng Vương (2026) · doi:10.64223/tvj.p2026.v2.i7.a128 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14010 | Screened Out |
Argumentación e Inteligencia Artificial en las Políticas y el Currículo de Colombia: Análisis Crítico de los Marcos UNESCO, CONPES 4144 y DBA
CienciAmérica (2026) · doi:10.33210/ca.v15i2.561 · v1.0 |
3.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14011 | Screened Out |
Labora. Roga. Proba. Protocol for AI-Assisted Homework
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23112359 · v1.0 |
4.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14012 | scored |
A Structural Definition of Artificial Intelligence Based on the Five Aggregates Model and an Examination of Its Ontological Utility
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23112335 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14013 | scored |
SYNERGISING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS WITH AI-DRIVEN PREDICTIVE RISK MODELS IN MANUFACTURING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences (2026) · doi:10.30574/wjaets.2026.21.1.0459 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14014 | Screened Out |
Exploring the experiences of medical sciences faculty members and students in using artificial intelligence applications: a qualitative descriptive study
BMC Medical Education (2026) · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-10331-6 · v1.0 |
2.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14015 | scored |
Artificial Intelligence and Educational Change in Mathematics Teacher Education: A Critical Review Across Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Policy
Interchange (2026) · doi:10.1007/s10780-026-09580-7 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14016 | scored |
A Structural Definition of Artificial Intelligence Based on the Five Aggregates and the Casino Protocol, and an Examination of Its Ontological Utility
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23112429 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14017 | Screened Out |
The landscape of gateway STEM student success and teaching practices at R1 institutions in the United States post-COVID and post-AI
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/nxj2b_v1 · v1.0 |
4.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14018 | Screened Out |
An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Postgraduate Nursing Students’ Experiences of Using GenAI in Learning Nursing Leadership
Nursing Reports (2026) · doi:10.3390/nursrep16100352 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14019 | scored |
Assessing Calcified Coronary Lesions to Guide Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: From Angiography to Intracoronary Imaging
Tomography (2026) · doi:10.3390/tomography12100148 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14020 | scored |
Artificial Intelligence in Adult Audiology: A Scoping Review of Clinical Applications and Implementation
Open Science Framework (2026) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/bh2gt · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14021 | Screened Out |
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING IN 2022/2023 GSE 221 OF FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION YOLA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
MAU INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS (2025) · doi:10.64290/mauijef.v1i1.2 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14022 | Screened Out |
Application of Item Response Theory (IRT) to the GHQ-12 in Spanish University Students
arXiv/Crossref (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6vqkw_v1 · v1.0 |
3.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14023 | abstract_only |
Analysis of the Structure of the Arabic Symbol-Digit Test According to Item Response Theory Among University Students
Archives of Educational and Behavioral Sciences (2025) · doi:10.66028/aebs1111923 · v1.0 |
5.5 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14024 | Screened Out |
Differential Item Functioning Analysis in Korean Diagnostic Assessments for Academic Purposes
arXiv/Crossref (2025) · doi:10.37736/kjlr.2025.12.16.6.18 · v1.0 |
4.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14025 | No Fulltext |
Using Large Language Models for In Silico Development and Simulation of a Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaire for Cataract Surgery with Various Intraocular Lenses: A Pre-Validation Study
Journal of Clinical Medicine (2025) · doi:10.3390/jcm15010283 · v1.0 |
5.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14026 | abstract_only |
Cross-Lingual and Cross-Cultural Validity of the TIMSS 2019 Computer Use Questionnaire: Using Measurement Invariance and DIF Methods
Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi (2025) · doi:10.21031/epod.1772214 · v1.0 |
5.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14027 | Screened Out |
Assessment of Science Literacy in Electricity, Magnetism, and Alternative Energy among Urban Junior High School Students in Indonesia Using the Rasch Model
International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope (2026) · doi:10.47857/irjms.2026.v07i04.011912 · v1.0 |
2.5 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14028 | Screened Out |
Development of the Japanese Version of the Prosocialness Scale for Adults (PSA-J)
The Japanese journal of psychology (2026) · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.97.25045 · v1.0 |
3.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14029 | No Fulltext |
Reinventing measurement models for the learning sciences: Reconceptualizing psychometrics to accommodate context as intrinsic to learning
Proceedings. (2026) · doi:10.22318/icls2026.782327 · v1.0 |
6.2 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 14030 | Screened Out |
Reexamining the measurement of metacognitive regulation in online STEM learning: Validity and fairness evidence
Proceedings. (2026) · doi:10.22318/icls2026.806499 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14031 | scored |
Differential Item Functioning in Reading Assessment Across English and Indigenous Languages in South Africa
SSRN Electronic Journal (2026) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7489300 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14032 | scored |
Differential Item Functioning of Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire among School and University Students: An Application of Propensity Score-Based Multidimensional Item Response Theory
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.3102/ip.26.2273484 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14033 | Screened Out |
An Investigation of Differential Item Functioning in the Infection Control Contact Isolation Precaution Instrument Among Nurses and Physicians
BioMed Research International (2026) · doi:10.1155/bmri/9324434 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14034 | scored |
DIFair: A Python library unifying differential item functioning and algorithmic fairness auditing for educational data
SSRN Electronic Journal (2026) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7467870 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14035 | Screened Out |
Development and Validation of the Adolescent Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (APWQ) for Coastal Fisheries Communities: Content Validity and Rasch Measurement Evidence from Malaysian Secondary School Students10.66669/cineforum.v66iS5.1432
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.66669/cineforum.v66is5.1432 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14036 | scored |
Investigating Differential Item Functioning Across English and Indigenous Languages in South Africa Using PIRLS 2021 Data
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2026) · doi:10.3102/2278952 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14037 | scored |
Math Anxiety as a Source of Differential Item Functioning: Evidence from PISA 2022 Adaptive Testing
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2026) · doi:10.3102/2271318 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14038 | scored |
Using Dynamic Item Response Theory to Model Ability Development in Online Learning
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2026) · doi:10.3102/2288904 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14039 | scored |
Investigating Intersectionality and Interactions in Differential Item Functioning: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study.
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2026) · doi:10.3102/2285499 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14040 | scored |
Enhancing Gifted Student Identification: Applying Differential Item Functioning in Validating the HOPE Teacher Rating Scale
American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) (2026) · doi:10.3102/2287366 · v1.0 |
0.0 (Flash Lite) | — |
| 14041 | Screened Out |
A Rasch Analysis of the Self-Assessment Scale of Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy (SA-CROT) for Continuing Professional Development
Journal of Occupational Therapy Education (2026) · doi:10.26681/jote.2026.100108 · v1.0 |
2.8 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14042 | scored |
Intelligent Fraud Detection Systems for Banking, E-Commerce, and Cloud Payments
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.71443/9789349552463-15 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14043 | scored |
Online versus batch retraining in one-step-ahead urban water demand forecasting under concept drift
Water Science & Technology Water Supply (2026) · doi:10.2166/ws.2026.134 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14044 | scored |
Development and validation of a composite drought index CDI-SE for the water-receiving area of China's Tao River diversion project
Ecological Indicators (2026) · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114778 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14045 | scored |
Spatiotemporal Trends and Abrupt Changes in Annual Potential Evapotranspiration and Water Balance over Saudi Arabia
Water (2026) · doi:10.3390/w18060725 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14046 | scored |
Software Reliability Models: An In-depth Review of Fault Detection and Correction Processes
International Journal of Computer Applications (2026) · doi:10.5120/ijca2026926492 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14047 | scored |
IVA-FL: An information-value-aware federated learning framework for Privacy-Preserving Financial data Risk Management
PLoS ONE (2026) · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0344251 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14048 | scored |
Benchmark of Test Structures and Measurements Gaining Most Sensitive PID Well Charging Evaluation Methodology
IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium proceedings (2026) · doi:10.1109/irps61424.2026.11499183 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14049 | Screened Out |
# The AI-Education Paradox: Reforming Assessment and Cultivating Critical Thinking in the Age of Generative AI
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22337063 · v1.0 |
4.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 14050 | Not Article |
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DISTANCE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22342287 · v1.0 |
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