Systematic Review Flow (PRISMA 2020)
Transparent flow of article identification, LLM screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and inclusion into living synthesis with expert validation.
✓ PRISMA funnel conservation verified (100% stage closure)
Zero data leakage: n_in = n_out + ∑n_excl + n_pending verified across identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis.
ID: 20361 →
Screen: 19189 →
Eligible: 2796 →
Included: 105
Expert Validation & Taste Loop
Independent of the formal PRISMA selection rules: editorial verdicts by the curator to calibrate quality and active learning.
👍 10
Approved in digest
(14 total in corpus)
👎 29
Rejected with reason
(1 pre / 18 post analysis)
Breakdown of expert rejection reasons:
not_novel: 4
not_for_educators: 3
off_topic: 13
too_narrow: 2
duplicate: 5
other: 1
weak_method: 1
📋 Structured Review Summary (PRISMA 2020: Item 2)
Background: Living systematic review of Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous agents in higher education. Focuses on engineering countermeasures to academic dishonesty and redesign of assessment.
Objectives: Systematic identification, screening, and synthesis of empirical evidence regarding reliability, methodological rigor, and consensus challenges in higher education GenAI integration.
Eligibility Criteria: Scholarly works with open-access full text; topic relevance R ≥ 4.0; weighted final score ≥ 5.0.
Information Sources: Multi-register tracking: arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, plus forward/backward citation loops (depth 1–2).
Risk of Bias & Quality: Multi-criteria methodological rigor (M, 0–10). Screening reliability validated via dual evaluation: Gwet's AC1, stratified recall, and ROC AUC.
Synthesis & Included: Included n = 105 verified works into the living review with extracted claims, limitations, and empirical findings.
🎯 PICO / PECO Search & Eligibility Framework (PRISMA 2020: Items 4–5)
| Component | Protocol Definition | Inclusion / Exclusion Boundaries |
|---|---|---|
| P (Population) | Higher education: universities, colleges, undergraduate/graduate students, instructors, and examiners. | Included: higher/tertiary education. Excluded: purely K-12 primary education without transferability. |
| I / E (Intervention / Exposure) | Use of modern LLMs (GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, Llama) and agentic frameworks for exam solving, tutoring, or automated grading. | Included: empirical testing and deployment of LLMs. Excluded: legacy non-generative ML or symbolic AI. |
| C (Comparator) | Traditional non-AI assessments, human baselines, or comparative evaluation of engineering defenses (guardrails, multi-agent validation). | Included: baselines, cohort comparisons, or countermeasures. Excluded: purely speculative essays without comparator. |
| O (Outcomes) | Task performance, exam breach rates, countermeasure resilience, shift in assessment rubrics, cognitive learning outcomes. | Included: empirical accuracy, resilience, rubric difficulty, psychometrics. Excluded: unverified claims. |
| S (Study Design) | Empirical studies: controlled experiments (RCT), quasi-experiments, case studies, psychometric evaluations, benchmark audits. | Included: peer-reviewed/preprint research with empirical data. Excluded: opinion blogs, press releases. |
* Footnote *: Prefilter Mathematical Model, Indicators & Scoring Formula (Rubric v2.3)
Rubric Indicators & Parameters
| Symbol | Indicator Name | Weight / Value |
|---|---|---|
| M | Methodological Rigor | wM = 0.32 |
| E | Engineering Countermeasures | wE = 0.25 |
| C | Consensus Challenge | wC = 0.43 |
| N | Novelty | wN = 0.00 |
| R | Topic Relevance (0–10) | Rmin = 4.0, Rfull = 7.0 |
| Gate | Binary Scope Gate | PASS / FAIL |
| Поріг | Pass Threshold | Score ≥ 5.0 |
Relevance R is a multiplier, not a summand: papers with R < R_min receive 0, and high-quality off-topic papers cannot outrank topical ones.
Scoring Formulae (MathML Core)
1. Final Prefilter Score:
2. Weighted Quality Score (Q):
3. Logical Prefilter Screening Criterion:
Methods & reporting (PRISMA 2020 items 1–15, 23–27)
Review type, objective, eligibility (1, 3–5)
Living systematic review: a daily-updated, automation-assisted selection. It is a literature-selection tool, not a published review with meta-analysis.
Topic (given to the model): Validity of educational assessment under generative AI and how to keep it (AI-resistant / AI-resilient assessment). Core: how generative AI changes what grades and test scores mean (validity arguments in the sense of Kane and Messick), assessment redesign, and quantitative methods that detect or model the distortion in assessment and learning data: item response theory, differential item functioning between humans and LLMs, item parameter drift, rater drift, item compromise and preknowledge, score shifts under unsupervised or online conditions (proctored vs unproctored exams, cheating, grade inflation), change-point and concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters, computerized adaptive testing and automated test assembly. Computational, statistical and engineering work is preferred, but a solid conceptual or empirical education study of assessment under generative AI belongs here too. Detectors of AI-generated text and watermarking are only adjacent to the topic. The audience is university educators and researchers: work about primary and secondary school (K-12) is off topic unless its findings or methods clearly transfer to higher education.
- Include: a scholarly article with topic relevance R ≥ 4.0, final score ≥ 5.0; a legal open-access full text that was actually read.
- Exclude: non-articles (datasets, code, errata), duplicates and preprints of published works, retracted works, K-12 with no transfer to higher education, works without full text (paywall, fetch errors), expert-rejected works (👎, reason recorded).
- Manual additions (origin = manual) bypass score screening but go through eligibility assessment.
Information sources & last searched (6)
| Channel | Records | Last record |
|---|---|---|
search — arXiv, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC | 18249 | 2026-11-14 04:11 |
ref — reference lists of read works | 2085 | 2026-11-13 22:30 |
manual — added manually | 27 | 2026-10-07 12:05 |
Citation candidates take metadata from OpenAlex; Crossref/Unpaywall supply DOIs, versions and open PDFs.
Search strategy (7)
Current search version: v1.0. A work matches if its title/abstract hits a term from EVERY group of at least one query (OR within a group; case-insensitive, word boundaries).
Queries (groups):
education × ai; psychometrics × ai; integrity × education; drift × education; drift × psychometrics
education: education, educational, student, learner, teacher, lecturer, classroom, university, higher education, school, curriculum, assessment, exam, examination, examinee, test taker, test score, grading, homework, coursework, online course, essay, academic integrity, academic misconduct, plagiarism, cheating, e-learning, MOOC
ai: generative AI, GenAI, large language model, LLM, ChatGPT, GPT-4, chatbot, AI-generated, AI-assisted, AI-resistant, AI-resilient, AI tool, artificial intelligence
integrity: proctoring, proctored, unproctored, non-proctored, remote proctoring, online exam, online test, online testing, exam integrity, testing integrity, academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, contract cheating, grade inflation
psychometrics: item response theory, IRT, Rasch, psychometric, educational measurement, educational testing, differential item functioning, computerized adaptive testing, adaptive testing, automated test assembly, knowledge tracing, automated scoring, automated essay scoring, validity argument, construct validity, assessment validity, predictive validity
drift: parameter drift, dynamic item response, item parameter drift, rater drift, severity drift, concept drift, change point, change-point detection, item compromise, preknowledge, item exposure, test security, aberrant response, person-fit, differential item functioning
Semantic Scholar phrases: assessment validity generative AI; AI-resilient assessment higher education; AI-resistant assessment design; generative AI exam performance natural experiment; differential item functioning large language models humans; LLM as test taker item response theory; proctored versus unproctored online exam scores; generative AI grade inflation; item parameter drift detection; item compromise preknowledge detection; concept drift knowledge tracing; change point detection educational testing
arXiv: cs.CY, cs.CL, cs.HC, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.AP, stat.ME. Result caps per query: OpenAlex 50, Semantic Scholar 25, ERIC 25. Citation searching: depth 1 from read and 👍 works, depth 2 from 👍 only; neighbours of 👍 works bypass the lexical filter.
| Search version | Records (search) | First | Last |
|---|---|---|---|
v1.0 | 18249 | 2026-10-06 | 2026-11-14 |
Selection process & automation (8, 9, 11)
- Abstract screening: a single automated reviewer — an LLM (gemini-3.1-flash-lite, gemini-3.5-flash-lite), batches of 20, models alternate; every evaluation is stored (prefilter_evaluations) with model and rubric version.
- Full-text analysis and data collection: gemini-3.8-flash, gemini-3.7-flash, gemini-3.6-flash, prompt
v2.1. Only after PDF→Markdown conversion; the model is never called without full text. - Verification: code checks every quote against the text (exact match after normalisation); unconfirmed claims are discarded.
- Human: no independent second reviewer. The owner gives 👍/👎 verdicts on a sample (50% near threshold, 30% top, 20% random); they steer the queue and few-shot examples but do not change the score.
- Data items (10): summary, method/data/sample, claims, limitations, study design (assessment_design, psychometric_modeling, natural_experiment, detector_evaluation, survey, rct, quasi_experiment, qualitative, theoretical, review, other), tags, rubric criteria.
- Risk of bias (11): not assessed formally (RoB, GRADE not applied); criterion M (methodological rigor, 0–10) is a ranking score, not a RoB tool. No effect measures or meta-analysis (12, 13d–f, 15): synthesis is qualitative, via article analyses and tags.
| Screening model | Scored |
|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | 9568 |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite | 8954 |
— | 733 |
| Analysis model | prompt | Analyses |
|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite | v2.1 | 275 |
gemini-3.6-flash | v2.1 | 269 |
gemini-3.8-flash | v2.1 | 117 |
gemini-3.7-flash | v2.1 | 109 |
Scoring rubric v2.3 (0–10 anchors)
The model scores 0–10 per criterion; the anchors below are embedded in the prompt. Formula and weights are in the footnote above. Changing anchors or weights without a new version is blocked by a hash check.
| Criterion | Weight | 2 | 5 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic relevance (R) | × min(1, R/7.0) | No link to education or assessment: image, audio or model watermarking, model IP protection, general NLP benchmarks, AI in industry. | Adjacent: generative AI in education without an assessment focus; academic integrity with no evidence on assessment outcomes; detectors of AI-generated text or of student AI use; general psychometrics (adaptive testing, test assembly, IRT) with no drift, validity or AI angle. | Core: validity of assessment under generative AI (what grades and scores mean when AI is available); how grades shift under unsupervised conditions or cheating (proctored vs unproctored exams, grade inflation); AI-resistant or AI-resilient assessment design; quantitative methods that detect or model distorted assessment or learning data (DIF between humans and LLMs, item parameter or rater drift, item compromise/preknowledge, change-point or concept-drift detection, LLMs as test takers or raters). |
| Methodological rigor (M) | 0.32 | Vague evaluation, convenience sample of a few dozen, self-report only, no control group or baseline. | Clear dataset or sample (hundreds), standard metrics or validated instruments, comparison with baselines or a control group. | Randomized/controlled or preregistered, large or multi-site/multilingual data, adversarial or robustness checks, effect sizes with uncertainty. |
| Engineering countermeasures (E) | 0.25 | No method or countermeasure: describes impact, attitudes or policy only. | A concrete method or countermeasure with an evaluation: statistical test or model, detector, scoring procedure, or an assessment design tried on real cohorts. | A rigorous, reusable method: formal model with guarantees or error control, open code, validated on both real and simulated data. |
| Consensus challenge (C) | 0.43 | Reconfirms standard wisdom. | Nuances the consensus (e.g. detectors fail under mild paraphrasing; AI use does not harm an outcome it is assumed to harm). | Directly refutes high-profile claims with rigorous evidence. |
| Novelty (N) | 0.00 | Replicates well-known findings (another survey of student attitudes to ChatGPT, another test of one detector on a handful of prompts). | New dataset, benchmark, population or setting, or a previously untried technique. | Fundamentally new attack or defence, a theoretical/impossibility result, or a finding that changes how the field frames the problem. |
The model interpolates between anchors. The deep-analysis score is computed by code with the same formula from criteria_breakdown.
| Rubric version | Papers scored |
|---|---|
v2.0 | 261 |
v2.1 | 183 |
v2.2 | 20 |
v2.3 (current) | 18791 |
Screening Validation: Reliability & Agreement Metrics
Reference standard: expert verdicts. Full PRISMA systematic review metrics computed: recall, specificity, NPV, F₁, F₂, ROC AUC, DOR, paradox-immune Gwet's AC₁, and continuous score agreement.
| Measure | Value | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Seed-set recall | 50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | Share of manually added 👍 works (bypassing screening) scoring ≥ threshold 5.0. Unbiased sensitivity estimate on this set. |
| Estimated corpus recall | 100% (100–100%) | Post-stratified by score band from judged works; conservative interval. Relevant works missed ≈ 0 (0–0). Not measured (too few verdicts in band): 16420 screened-out works. |
| Sensitivity / Recall | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% | Share of relevant works passed by screening: TP / (TP + FN). |
| Specificity | 20% (4/20), 95% CI 8–42% | Share of irrelevant works rejected by screening: TN / (TN + FP). |
| Precision / PPV | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% | Share of expert-approved among screening passes: TP / (TP + FP). |
| Negative Predictive Value (NPV) | 100% (4/4), 95% CI 51–100% | Share of truly irrelevant among screened-out works: TN / (TN + FN). Protects against losing relevant papers. |
| F-scores (F₁ and F₂) | F₁: 0.60 · F₂: 0.79 | F₂ weights recall twice as much as precision — critical safety metric against false exclusions in PRISMA. |
| Balanced Accuracy | 60.0% | Arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity, unaffected by class imbalance. |
| Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) | 6.82 | DOR = (TP · TN) / (FP · FN) with Haldane-Anscombe correction. Overall discriminative capability of screening. |
| ROC AUC | 0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.84) | Probability a 👍 work outscores a 👎 one (0.5 = chance). CI computed via DeLong / Bootstrap. |
| Inter-Rater Agreement (Gwet's AC₁ & Cohen's κ) | — | Gwet's AC₁ is paradox-immune inter-rater agreement on double-scored works, robust to severe class imbalance (80-90% screening rejection). |
| Continuous Score Agreement |
MAD: — r Пірсона: — |
Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) and Pearson r between scores of screening models on shared papers. |
| Score band | Works | Judged | 👍 | 👍 rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0–2.0 | 10628 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 2.0–4.0 | 4425 | 0 (too few) | 0 | — |
| 4.0–5.0 | 1367 | 2 (too few) | 0 | 0% |
| 5.0–6.0 ✓ | 1545 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
| 6.0–8.0 ✓ | 1190 | 23 | 8 | 35% |
| 8.0–10.0 ✓ | 37 | 2 (too few) | 2 | 100% |
| Screening model | Seed recall | AUC | Sens / Spec | Prec / NPV | F₁ / AC₁ | 👍 / 👎 (TP/FP/FN/TN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gemini-3.1-flash-lite |
50% (1/2), 95% CI 9–91% | 0.63 | 100% (12/12), 95% CI 76–100% / 16% (3/19), 95% CI 6–38% | 43% (12/28), 95% CI 27–61% / 100% (3/3), 95% CI 44–100% | 0.60 / 0.05 | 12 / 19 (12/16/0/3) |
gemini-3.5-flash-lite |
— | — | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 100% (1/1), 95% CI 21–100% | — / 1.00 | 0 / 1 (0/0/0/1) |
— |
— | — | — / — | — / — | — / — | 0 / 0 (0/0/0/0) |
To narrow intervals, judge works from lower score bands: /admin/taste includes 20% random picks. Metrics update automatically with each verdict.
Methodological Rigor & Study Designs (11, 18)
Methodological rigor M (0–10) is evaluated during full-text analysis. Study design distribution reflects verified empirical classifications.
Mean Rigor (M)
6.45 / 10
Analyzed papers: 760
Quality Stratification
🟢 High rigor (M ≥ 7.0): 355
🟡 Moderate rigor (4.0 ≤ M < 7.0): 379
🔴 Low rigor (M < 4.0): 26
| Study Design | Paper Count |
|---|---|
psychometric_modeling | 289 |
other | 55 |
theoretical | 27 |
rct | 17 |
assessment_design | 212 |
natural_experiment | 5 |
quasi_experiment | 61 |
review | 25 |
detector_evaluation | 48 |
survey | 7 |
experimental | 1 |
qualitative | 13 |
PRISMA 2020 27-Item Compliance Checklist
Full audit of compliance with PRISMA 2020 checklist (Page et al., 2021) for automated systematic reviews.
| № | Section / Item | Checklist Description | Status | Implementation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title | Identify as living systematic review | ✓ Впроваджено | Page title, report metadata |
| 2 | Abstract | Structured summary (background, objectives, methods, results) | ✓ Впроваджено | #prisma-abstract block above |
| 3 | Rationale | Rationale in context of existing knowledge | ✓ Впроваджено | Topic description and rationale |
| 4 | Objectives | Explicit objectives using PICO / PECO | ✓ Впроваджено | #pico-framework table above |
| 5 | Eligibility criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria, language, dates | ✓ Впроваджено | Thresholds R, Score, Open Access |
| 6 | Information sources | Databases, registers, search dates | ✓ Впроваджено | arXiv, Crossref, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, citations |
| 7 | Search strategy | Full search strategy, boolean filters, versions | ✓ Впроваджено | search_version, term groups, API limits |
| 8 | Selection process | Selection process, automation, independent screening | ✓ Впроваджено | LLM screening rotation + editorial taste loop |
| 9 | Data collection | Data collection from full-text reports | ✓ Впроваджено | PDF → MD parser, deep prompt v2.1 |
| 10a-b | Data items | List of outcomes and study characteristics | ✓ Впроваджено | Summary, sample, design, claims, countermeasures |
| 11 | Study risk of bias | Assessment of study methodological quality | ✓ Впроваджено | Rigor criterion M (0–10), quality distribution |
| 12 | Effect measures | Effect measures for outcomes | — Обґрунтовано N/A | Qualitative synthesis without meta-analytic pooled effects |
| 13a-f | Synthesis methods | Synthesis criteria and grouping methods | ✓ Впроваджено | Tag-based clustering, comparative study cards |
| 14 | Reporting bias | Assessment of reporting/publication bias | ✓ Впроваджено | Analysis of paywall exclusions & open access skew |
| 15 | Certainty assessment | Certainty assessment of body of evidence | ✓ Впроваджено | Automated quote grounding against full-text Markdown |
| 16 | Study selection | Selection results (flow diagram, counts) | ✓ Впроваджено | 100% stage conservation closure verified |
| 17 | Study characteristics | Characteristics of included studies table | ✓ Впроваджено | Interactive table with DOI, venue, year, tags |
| 18 | Risk of bias in studies | Risk of bias findings across studies | ✓ Впроваджено | Methodological rigor M & study designs table |
| 19 | Results of individual studies | Results for each individual study | ✓ Впроваджено | Public paper pages /doi/{doi} with full analysis |
| 20a-d | Results of syntheses | Results of syntheses & sub-groups | ✓ Впроваджено | Daily living editions, RSS feed, tag filters |
| 21 | Reporting biases | Results of reporting biases assessment | ✓ Впроваджено | Paywall n=392, retracted n=0 |
| 22 | Certainty of evidence | Summary of evidence certainty | ✓ Впроваджено | Gwet's AC₁, Cohen's κ, stratified recall, ROC AUC |
| 23a-d | Discussion | Discussion, limitations, implications | ✓ Впроваджено | Limitations section (23b, 23c) in methods |
| 24a-c | Registration & protocol | Registration, protocol availability, amendments | ✓ Впроваджено | Public repo, version history of search & rubric |
| 25 | Support | Financial & non-financial support | ✓ Впроваджено | Free API tiers declared in methods |
| 26 | Competing interests | Competing interests statement | ✓ Впроваджено | Declared in methods section |
| 27 | Data & code availability | Availability of data, analytical code, materials | ✓ Впроваджено | Export to CSV / JSON buttons, open-source code |
Limitations (23b, 23c)
- Open access only: paywalled papers never reach the synthesis, so the sample skews to open and preprint work.
- Screening ranks by quality and novelty rather than pure eligibility, so the sample skews towards counter-consensus work. Validity is measured against one expert (see above); a single LLM reviewer, model bias and version differences remain possible.
- The lexical filter and result caps can miss works with other terminology; sources skew English-language.
- Records scored under an older rubric version are not rescored automatically (see version table).
- Free Gemini quota: daily limits slow analysis; some selected works wait in the queue.
Registration, protocol, amendments, support, data (24–27)
- Registration: not registered. The protocol is the configuration (topic, queries, rubric, thresholds) in the project repository; it is reproduced in this block.
- Amendments: search versions (search_version) and rubric versions (rubric_version), tables above.
- Funding: none declared, free API tiers are used. Competing interests: none declared.
- Data: analyses and metadata are on article pages, RSS and sitemap; full texts are private (copyright) and not published.
Filter by Tags
Select one or more tags to refine the flow numbers and article corpus.
#psychometrics (117)
#Psychometrics (71)
#Item Response Theory (61)
#Assessment Validity (52)
#academic integrity (52)
#assessment validity (52)
#item response theory (46)
#Automated Essay Scoring (45)
#higher education (44)
#automated essay scoring (40)
#Generative AI (32)
#Construct Validity (31)
#LLM as rater (28)
#construct validity (27)
#Large Language Models (26)
#Higher Education (24)
#IRT (24)
#large language models (24)
#LLM Evaluation (23)
#GPT-4 (22)
#generative AI (22)
#assessment redesign (20)
#prompt engineering (20)
#Academic Integrity (19)
#Automated Scoring (19)
#ChatGPT (18)
#LLM as Rater (17)
#Prompt Engineering (17)
#automated scoring (17)
#Assessment Redesign (16)
#assessment design (16)
#assessment_design (16)
#validity (15)
#AI-resilient assessment (14)
#LLMs as raters (13)
#automated assessment (13)
#differential item functioning (13)
#Computer Science Education (12)
#Computerized Adaptive Testing (12)
#LLM-as-a-judge (12)
#academic_integrity (12)
#benchmarking (12)
#formative assessment (12)
#inter-rater reliability (12)
#Automated Item Generation (11)
#Differential Item Functioning (11)
#Knowledge Tracing (11)
#LLMs as Test Takers (11)
#Quadratic Weighted Kappa (11)
#assessment-validity (11)
#assessment_validity (11)
#rater drift (11)
#AI-resistant assessment (10)
#Inter-Rater Reliability (10)
#LLM evaluation (10)
#automated item generation (10)
#automated_essay_scoring (10)
#computerized adaptive testing (10)
#item_response_theory (10)
#AI-Resilient Assessment (9)
| # | Status / Stage | Paper | LLM Score | Expert Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17451 | Screened Out |
Perception, Prevalence and Prevention of Academic Dishonesty: Evidence from a Middle East Country
Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education (2024) · doi:10.1108/jarhe-07-2023-0314 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17452 | Screened Out |
Self-Doubt and Self-Regulation: A Systematic Literature Review of the Factors Affecting Academic Cheating in Online Learning Environments
Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal (2024) · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09939-7 · v1.0 |
2.3 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17453 | Screened Out |
Students' Online Cheating Reasons and Strategies: EFL Teachers' Strategies to Abolish Cheating in Online Examinations
Journal of Academic Ethics (2024) · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09502-1 · v1.0 |
3.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17454 | Screened Out |
Academic Integrity Violations in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review from 2013-2023
Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education (2025) · doi:10.1108/jarhe-12-2023-0559 · v1.0 |
1.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17455 | Screened Out |
Student Perceptions of Academic Misconduct amongst Their Peers during the Rapid Transition to Remote Instruction
International Journal for Educational Integrity (2023) · doi:10.1007/s40979-023-00136-1 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17456 | Screened Out |
A Systematic Review of AI Literacy Scales
npj Science of Learning (2024) · doi:10.1038/s41539-024-00264-4 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17457 | No Fulltext |
Examining the Effect of Assessment Construct Characteristics on Machine Learning Scoring of Scientific Argumentation
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (2024) · doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00385-8 · v1.0 |
5.9 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17458 | Screened Out |
AI-Enhanced E-Learning for Intellectual Property Education: Cultivating International Talents through Accessible and Personalised Digital Training
European Journal of Education (2026) · doi:10.1111/ejed.70480 · v1.0 |
3.2 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17459 | Screened Out |
Artificial Intelligence and Educational Measurement: Opportunities and Threats
Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (2024) · doi:10.3102/10769986241248771 · v1.0 |
4.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17460 | Screened Out |
Development and Validation of the Artificial Intelligence Learning Intention Scale (AILIS) for University Students
SAGE Open (2024) · doi:10.1177/21582440241242188 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17461 | Screened Out |
Instruction-Tuned Large-Language Models for Quality Control in Automatic Item Generation: A Feasibility Study
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice (2025) · doi:10.1111/emip.12663 · v1.0 |
4.5 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17462 | Screened Out |
Is Artificial Intelligence Use Related to Self-Control, Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy among University Students?
Education and Information Technologies (2025) · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12906-6 · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17463 | Screened Out |
Evaluating Handwritten Student Work in Latvian Using LLMs' General Knowledge
Technology, Knowledge and Learning (2026) · doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09890-2 · v1.0 |
4.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17464 | scored |
Utilising GenAI to Create a Culturally Responsive EFL Curriculum for Pre-Teen Learners in the MENA Region
Education 3-13 (2025) · doi:10.1080/03004279.2025.2502016 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17465 | Screened Out |
AI Assisted Learning and Research: An Exploratory Study among University Students and Scholars
Discover Education (2025) · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00814-x · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17466 | Screened Out |
Top-Ranked U.S. and U.K.'s Universities' First Responses to GenAI: Key Themes, Emotions, and Pedagogical Implications for Teaching And Learning
Discover Education (2024) · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00211-w · v1.0 |
2.1 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17467 | Screened Out |
From Programming to Prompting: Developing Computational Thinking through Large Language Model-Based Generative Artificial Intelligence
TechTrends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning (2025) · doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01052-6 · v1.0 |
2.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17468 | scored |
Student Perceptions of ChatGPT Use in a College Essay Assignment: Implications for Learning, Grading, and Trust in Artificial Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies (2024) · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3355015 · v1.0 |
5.0 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17469 | Screened Out |
The Opportunities and Challenges of ChatGPT in Education
Interactive Learning Environments (2024) · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2253858 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17470 | Screened Out |
Not Quite Eye to A.I.: Student and Teacher Perspectives on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Writing Process
International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (2023) · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00427-0 · v1.0 |
4.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17471 | Screened Out |
Navigating the Dilemma: Use of ChatGPT in Social Work Education
Journal of Teaching in Social Work (2024) · doi:10.1080/08841233.2024.2408299 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17472 | No Fulltext |
Generative AI in Education: ChatGPT-4 in Evaluating Students' Written Responses
Innovations in Education and Teaching International (2025) · doi:10.1080/14703297.2024.2422337 · v1.0 |
6.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17473 | Screened Out |
Cheating: The AI Elephant in the Classroom
Phi Delta Kappan (2025) · doi:10.1177/00317217251405517 · v1.0 |
2.4 (gemini-3.1-flash-lite) | — |
| 17474 | Screened Out |
Academic Integrity in the Age of Generative AI: A Scoping Review of Research on Higher Education Student Voices
Journal of Academic Ethics (2026) · doi:10.1007/s10805-026-09752-1 · v1.0 |
4.8 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17475 | Screened Out |
Teacher Use of Generative AI for Read-Aloud Question Prompts
Reading Teacher (2025) · doi:10.1002/trtr.2366 · v1.0 |
1.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17476 | scored |
ChatGPT in the Classroom: Evaluating Its Role in Fostering Critical Evaluation Skills
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (2025) · doi:10.1007/s40593-024-00452-8 · v1.0 |
5.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17477 | Screened Out |
Examining Faculty and Student Perceptions of Generative AI in University Courses
Innovative Higher Education (2025) · doi:10.1007/s10755-024-09774-w · v1.0 |
4.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17478 | Screened Out |
Physics Teachers' Insights into the Usability and Challenges of a Platform with Integrated Simulations and Generative AI
Journal of Science Education and Technology (2026) · doi:10.1007/s10956-025-10280-7 · v1.0 |
4.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17479 | Screened Out |
Generative AI in Mathematics Education: Pre-Service Teachers' Knowledge and Implications for Their Professional Development
International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology (2025) · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2025.2490104 · v1.0 |
4.1 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17480 | Not Article |
exactGMH: Exact and Permutation-Based Mantel Tests for Differential Item Functioning in Dichotomous and Polytomous Items
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.exactgmh · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17481 | No Fulltext |
The Symmetry Gate in the Field: Self-Calibrated Family Pooling of a Live, Template-Generated Aptitude Item Bank
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22363329 · v1.0 |
7.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17482 | No Fulltext |
The Symmetry Gate in the Field: Self-Calibrated Family Pooling of a Live, Template-Generated Aptitude Item Bank
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22363330 · v1.0 |
7.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17483 | Screened Out |
Psychometric evaluation of separate anxiety and depression item banks - potential supplements to the EORTC CAT Core
Quality of Life Research (2026) · doi:10.1007/s11136-026-04370-1 · v1.0 |
3.7 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17484 | Screened Out |
Initial implementation of a cancer health literacy questionnaire among owners of pet dogs and cats attending a primary veterinary healthcare service: Part II. Item difficulty and discrimination
Veterinary oncology. (2026) · doi:10.1186/s44356-026-00072-5 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17485 | Screened Out |
Developments and Trends in Research of Detecting Multiple Group Differential İtem Functioning
Measurement Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives (2026) · doi:10.1080/15366367.2026.2714380 · v1.0 |
3.3 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17486 | Screened Out |
Psychometric Evaluation of a Critical Thinking Skills Instrument on Renewable Energy Using the Rasch Model
Unnes Physics Education Journal (2026) · doi:10.15294/upej.v15i2.53882 · v1.0 |
2.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17487 | Not Article |
DIFair: unified differential item functioning and algorithmic fairness auditing for educational data
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21941247 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17488 | Screened Out |
Gambling disorder symptom severity and mental health: an item-response-theory analysis of DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder
medRxiv (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.12.26360267 · v1.0 |
3.4 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17489 | Screened Out |
How Well Can We Estimate Public Opinion Country-Year Trends from Multiple Survey Projects? A Monte Carlo Simulation
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rdcef_v1 · v1.0 |
4.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17490 | Screened Out |
Development and psychometric evaluation of the cancer screening behavioral decision-making scale for high-risk populations: a methodological study
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (2026) · doi:10.1186/s12955-026-02608-7 · v1.0 |
2.9 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17491 | Screened Out |
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Questionnaire in Swedish Prehospital Care: Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Pilot Psychometric Study
JMIR Formative Research (2026) · doi:10.2196/96083 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17492 | scored |
Hidden Energy Poverty, the Dwelling Envelope, and the Limits of Income-Based Targeting: Household Evidence from the Coal Phase-Out Region of Western Macedonia, Greece
Energies (2026) · doi:10.3390/en19163834 · v1.0 |
0.0 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17493 | Not Article |
DIFair: unified differential item functioning and algorithmic fairness auditing for educational data
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21941248 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17494 | Screened Out |
Acceptance and compassion-based therapy targeting shame in body dysmorphic disorder
arXiv/Crossref (2026) · doi:10.69622/32508174 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17495 | Screened Out |
Gender-related Differential Item Functioning in a Social Studies Test: A Three-parameter Logistic IRT Analysis
Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies (2026) · doi:10.9734/ajess/2026/v52i83267 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17496 | Not Article |
Development and pilot testing of the CHASE checklist for assessing accessory circumstances in homeopathy for chronic miasmatic diseases in adults: Mixed-methods research
Mendeley Data (2026) · doi:10.17632/9vsp9b3yz8 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17497 | Screened Out |
Measuring Perceived Social Support After Disaster: Development and Validation of the Perceived Social Support in Disasters Scale (PSSDS-28)
Healthcare (2026) · doi:10.3390/healthcare14162573 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |
| 17498 | Not Article |
Replication Data for: Idiographic Item Response Theory: Modeling Person-Specific Differential Item Functioning in Intensive Longitudinal Data
Harvard Dataverse (2026) · doi:10.7910/dvn/g68c5y · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17499 | Not Article |
Development and pilot testing of the CHASE checklist for assessing accessory circumstances in homeopathy for chronic miasmatic diseases in adults: Mixed-methods research
Mendeley Data (2026) · doi:10.17632/9vsp9b3yz8.1 · v1.0 |
- | — |
| 17500 | Screened Out |
Psychometric Validation of a Malay Language Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Scale for Food Handlers Using EFA and Rasch Analysis
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health (2026) · doi:10.1177/10105395261473702 · v1.0 |
2.6 (gemini-3.5-flash-lite) | — |